Method for forming capacitor, semiconductor device, module, and electronic device

ABSTRACT

A miniaturized transistor is provided. A transistor with low parasitic capacitance is provided. A transistor having high frequency characteristics is provided. A transistor having a large amount of on-state current is provided. A semiconductor device including the transistor is provided. A semiconductor device with high integration is provided. A novel capacitor is provided. The capacitor includes a first conductor, a second conductor, and an insulator. The first conductor includes a region overlapping with the second conductor with the insulator provided therebetween. The first conductor includes tungsten and silicon. The insulator includes a silicon oxide film that is formed by oxidizing the first conductor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a transistor and a semiconductordevice, and a manufacturing method thereof, for example. The presentinvention relates to a display device, a light-emitting device, alighting device, a power storage device, a memory device, a processor,or an electronic device, for example. The present invention relates to amethod for manufacturing a display device, a liquid crystal displaydevice, a light-emitting device, a memory device, or an electronicdevice. The present invention relates to a driving method of asemiconductor device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device,a light-emitting device, a memory device, and an electronic device.

Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to theabove technical field. The technical field of one embodiment of theinvention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to anobject, a method, or a manufacturing method. Furthermore, one embodimentof the present invention relates to a process, a machine, manufacture,or a composition of matter.

In this specification and the like, a semiconductor device generallymeans a device that can function by utilizing semiconductorcharacteristics. A display device, a light-emitting device, a lightingdevice, an electro-optical device, a semiconductor circuit, and anelectronic device include a semiconductor device in some cases.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor hasattracted attention. An oxide semiconductor can be formed by asputtering method or the like, and thus can be used for a semiconductorof a transistor in a large display device. In addition, there is anadvantage in a transistor including an oxide semiconductor that capitalinvestment can be reduced because part of production equipment for atransistor including amorphous silicon can be retrofitted and utilized.

It is known that a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has anextremely low leakage current in an off state. For example, alow-power-consumption CPU utilizing a characteristic of low leakagecurrent of the transistor including an oxide semiconductor is disclosed(see Patent Document 1).

Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a transistor including an oxidesemiconductor in which a gate electrode is embedded in an opening isdisclosed (see Patent Documents 2 and 3).

REFERENCE Patent Document

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No.    2012-257187-   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No.    2014-241407-   [Patent Document 3] Japanese Published Patent Application No.    2014-240833

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object is to provide a miniaturized transistor. Another object is toprovide a transistor with low parasitic capacitance. Another object isto provide a transistor with high frequency characteristics. Anotherobject is to provide a transistor with favorable electricalcharacteristics. Another object is to provide a transistor having stableelectrical characteristics. Another object is to provide a transistorhaving a high current in an on state. Another object is to provide atransistor having low off-state current. Another object is to provide anovel transistor. Another object is to provide a semiconductor deviceincluding the transistor. Another object is to provide a semiconductordevice which can operate at high speed. Another object is to provide ahighly integrated semiconductor device. Another object is to provide anovel semiconductor device. Another object is to provide a moduleincluding any of the above semiconductor devices. Another object is toprovide an electronic device including any of the above semiconductordevices or the module.

Note that the descriptions of these objects do not disturb the existenceof other objects. In one embodiment of the present invention, there isno need to achieve all the objects. Other objects are apparent from andcan be derived from the description of the specification, the drawings,and the claims.

(1)

One embodiment of the present invention is a capacitor including a firstconductor, a second conductor, and an insulator, where the firstconductor includes a region overlapping with the second conductor withthe insulator provided therebetween, where the first conductor includestungsten and silicon, and where the insulator includes a silicon oxidefilm formed by oxidizing the first conductor.

(2)

One embodiment of the present invention is a capacitor including a firstconductor including tungsten and silicon, a second conductor, and aninsulator in contact with the first conductor, where the first conductorincludes a region overlapping with the second conductor with theinsulator provided therebetween, where the second conductor and theinsulator have regions in contact with each other, and where theinsulator is a silicon oxide film and has a thickness less than or equalto 15 nm.

(3)

One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor deviceincluding a capacitor and a transistor, where the transistor includes adrain electrode, where the capacitor includes a first electrode and asecond electrode, where the first electrode of the capacitor iselectrically connected to the drain electrode, and where the capacitoris the capacitor described in (1) or (2).

(4)

One embodiment of the present invention is a module including thecapacitor described in (1) or (2), the semiconductor device described in(3), and a printed circuit board.

(5)

One embodiment of the present invention is an electronic deviceincluding the capacitor described in (1) or (2), the semiconductordevice described in (3), the module described in (4), and a speaker oran operation key.

(6)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing acapacitor including a step of forming a first conductor, a step ofperforming plasma treatment containing oxygen on the first conductor, sothat a silicon oxide film is formed on a surface of the first conductor,and a step of forming a second conductor over the silicon oxide film,where the first conductor includes tungsten and silicon.

(7)

One embodiment of the present invention is the method for manufacturinga capacitor described in (6), where the plasma treatment containstreatment using high-density plasma.

(8)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing asemiconductor device, where the semiconductor device includes acapacitor and a transistor, where the transistor includes a drainelectrode, where the capacitor includes a first electrode and a secondelectrode, where the first electrode of the capacitor is electricallyconnected to the drain electrode, and where the capacitor ismanufactured by the method described in (6) or (7).

(9)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing amodule, where the module includes the capacitor that is manufactured bythe method described in (6) or (7), the semiconductor device that ismanufactured by the method described in (8), and a printed circuitboard.

(10)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing anelectronic device, where the electronic device includes the capacitorthat is manufactured by the method described in (6) or (7), thesemiconductor device that is manufactured by the method described in(8), the module that is manufactured by the method described in (9), anda speaker or an operation key.

(11)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing atransistor, including a step of forming a second insulator over a firstinsulator, a step of forming a semiconductor over the second insulator,a step of forming a first conductor over the semiconductor, a step ofetching a part of the first conductor by a first lithography method, astep of etching parts of the first conductor, the semiconductor, and thesecond insulator by a second lithography method, so that the firstconductor is divided into a second conductor and a third conductor, astep of forming a multilayer film including the second conductor, thethird conductor, the semiconductor, and the second insulator, a step ofperforming a plasma treatment containing oxygen on the second conductorand the third conductor, so that a silicon oxide film is formed on aside surface of the second conductor, a top surface of the secondconductor, a side surface of the third conductor, and a top surface ofthe third conductor, a step of forming a third insulator to cover a topsurface of the silicon oxide film, a top surface of the first insulator,a side surface of the second insulator, and a side surface of thesemiconductor, a step of forming a fourth insulator over the thirdinsulator, and a step of forming a fourth conductor over the fourthinsulator, and a step of etching a part of the fourth conductor by athird lithography method, where the first conductor includes tungstenand silicon.

(12)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturingthe transistor described in (11), where the plasma treatment includes atreatment using high-density plasma.

(13)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing asemiconductor device, where the semiconductor device includes atransistor that is manufactured by the method described in (11) or (12).

(14)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing amodule which includes the transistor manufactured by the methoddescribed in (11) or (12), the semiconductor device manufactured by themethod described in (13), and a printed circuit board.

(15)

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing anelectronic device which includes the transistor manufactured by themethod described in (11) or (12), the semiconductor device manufacturedby the method described in (13), the module manufactured by the methoddescribed in (14), and a speaker or an operation key.

Note that in the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the presentinvention, the oxide semiconductor may be replaced with anothersemiconductor.

A miniaturized transistor can be provided. A transistor with lowparasitic capacitance can be provided. A transistor with high frequencycharacteristics can be provided. A transistor with favorable electricalcharacteristics can be provided. A transistor having stable electricalcharacteristics can be provided. A transistor with a large amount ofcurrent in an on state can be provided. A transistor with a small amountof current in an off state can be provided. A novel transistor can beprovided. A semiconductor device including the transistor can beprovided. A semiconductor device which can operate at high speed can beprovided. A highly integrated semiconductor device can be provided. Anovel semiconductor device can be provided. A module including thesemiconductor device can be provided. An electronic device including thesemiconductor device or the module can be provided.

Note that the description of these effects does not disturb theexistence of other effects. One embodiment of the present invention doesnot have to have all the effects listed above. Other effects will beapparent from and can be derived from the description of thespecification, the drawings, the claims, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor of one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method formanufacturing of a capacitor of one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method formanufacturing of a capacitor of one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A to 4C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating atransistor of one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A to 5C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating atransistor of one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross-sectional views each illustrating a transistorof one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7A to 7E show structural analysis results of a CAAC-OS and asingle crystal oxide semiconductor by XRD and selected-area electrondiffraction patterns of a CAAC-OS.

FIGS. 8A to 8E show a cross-sectional TEM image and plan-view TEM imagesof a CAAC-OS and images obtained through analysis thereof.

FIGS. 9A to 9D show electron diffraction patterns and a cross-sectionalTEM image of an nc-OS.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show cross-sectional TEM images of an a-like OS.

FIG. 11 shows a change in crystal part of an In-Ga—Zn oxide induced byelectron irradiation.

FIGS. 12A to 12C each illustrate an atomic ratio of an oxide of oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a crystal structure of InMZnO₄.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are each a band diagram of a stacked structure in theoxide.

FIGS. 15A to 15C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 16A to 16C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 17A to 17C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 18A to 18C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 19A to 19C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 20A to 20C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 21A to 21C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 22A to 22C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 23A to 23C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 24A to 24C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 25A to 25C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 26A to 26C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 27A to 27C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 28A to 28C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 29A to 29C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 30A to 30C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 31A to 31C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 32A to 32C are a top view and cross-sectional views illustrating amethod for manufacturing a transistor of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 33A and 33B are circuit diagrams of memory devices of oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device ofone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device ofone embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 36A to 36F are circuit diagrams and cross-sectional viewsillustrating a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram illustrating a CPU of one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 38 is a circuit diagram of a memory element of one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIGS. 39A and 39B are plan views of an imaging device.

FIGS. 40A and 40B are plan views of pixels of an imaging device.

FIGS. 41A and 41B are cross-sectional views of an imaging device.

FIGS. 42A and 42B are cross-sectional views of an imaging device.

FIG. 43 illustrates a configuration example of an RF tag.

FIGS. 44A to 44C are a circuit diagram, a top view, and across-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device of oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 45A and 45B are a circuit diagram and a cross-sectional viewillustrating a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 46A to 46E are a block diagram, circuit diagrams, and waveformdiagrams illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 47A and 47B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart showing oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 48A and 48B are circuit diagrams each illustrating one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 49A to 49C are circuit diagrams each illustrating one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 50A and 50B are each a circuit diagram illustrating one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 51A to 51C are each a circuit diagram illustrating one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 52A and 52B are each a circuit diagram illustrating one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 53 illustrates a display module.

FIG. 54A is a perspective view illustrating a cross-sectional structureof a package using a lead frame interposer, and FIG. 54B is a plan viewillustrating a structure of a module of a mobile phone.

FIGS. 55A to 55E each illustrate an electronic device of one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 56A to 56D each illustrate an electronic device of one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 57A to 57C each illustrate an electronic device of one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 58A to 58F each illustrate an application example of an RF tag ofone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 59 is a graph showing a C-V measurement in Example 1.

FIG. 60 shows a cross-sectional STEM image in Example 1.

FIGS. 61A and 61B are each a graph showing XPS analysis results inExample 2.

FIGS. 62A and 62B are each a graph showing XPS analysis results inExample 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments according to the present invention will be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that thepresent invention is not limited to the description below, and it iseasily understood by those skilled in the art that modes and details ofthe present invention can be modified in various ways. Accordingly, thepresent invention should not be interpreted as being limited to thecontent of the embodiments below. In describing structures of theinvention with reference to the drawings, the same reference numeralsare used in common for the same portions in different drawings. Notethat the same hatch pattern is applied to similar parts, and the similarparts are not especially denoted by reference numerals in some cases. Inthe case where the description of a component denoted by a differentreference numeral is referred to, the description of the thickness,composition, structure, shape, or the like of the component can be usedas appropriate.

Note that the size, the thickness of films (layers), or regions indrawings is sometimes exaggerated for simplicity.

In this specification, the terms “film” and “layer” can be interchangedwith each other.

In this specification, for example, for describing the shape of anobject, the length of one side of a minimal cube where the object fits,or an equivalent circle diameter of a cross section of the object can beinterpreted as the “diameter”, “grain size (diameter)”, “dimension”,“size”, or “width” of the object. The term “equivalent circle diameterof a cross section of the object” refers to the diameter of a perfectcircle having the same area as the cross section of the object.

A voltage usually refers to a potential difference between a givenpotential and a reference potential (e.g., a source potential or aground potential (GND)). Thus, a voltage can be referred to as apotential and vice versa. In general, a potential (a voltage) isrelative and is determined depending on the amount relative to areference potential. Therefore, a potential which is represented as a“ground potential” or the like is not always 0 V. For example, thelowest potential in a circuit may be represented as a “groundpotential”. Alternatively, a substantially intermediate potential in acircuit may be represented as a “ground potential”. In these cases, apositive potential and a negative potential are set using the potentialas a reference.

Note that the ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in thisspecification are used for convenience and do not denote the order ofsteps or the stacking order of layers. Therefore, for example, the term“first” can be replaced with the term “second”, “third”, or the like asappropriate. In addition, the ordinal numbers in this specification andthe like are not necessarily the same as those which specify oneembodiment of the present invention.

Note that an impurity in a semiconductor refers to, for example,elements other than the main components of a semiconductor. For example,an element with a concentration lower than 0.1 atomic % is an impurity.When an impurity is contained, the density of states (DOS) may be formedin a semiconductor, the carrier mobility may be decreased, or thecrystallinity may be decreased, for example. When the semiconductor isan oxide semiconductor, examples of an impurity which changes thecharacteristics of the semiconductor include Group 1 elements, Group 2elements, Group 14 elements, Group 15 elements, and transition metalsother than the main components; specifically, there are hydrogen(included in water), lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus,carbon, and nitrogen, for example. When the semiconductor is an oxidesemiconductor, oxygen vacancies may be formed by entry of impuritiessuch as hydrogen, for example. Furthermore, in the case where thesemiconductor is a silicon film, examples of an impurity which changescharacteristics of the semiconductor include oxygen, Group 1 elementsexcept hydrogen, Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, and Group 15elements. Note that as well as the impurity, a main component elementthat is excessively contained might cause DOS. In that case, DOS can belowered in some cases by a slight amount of an additive (e.g., greaterthan or equal to 0.001 atomic % and less than 3 atomic %). Theabove-described element that might serve as an impurity can be used asthe additive.

Note that the channel length refers to, for example, the distancebetween a source (a source region or a source electrode) and a drain (adrain region or a drain electrode) in a region where a semiconductor (ora portion where a current flows in a semiconductor when a transistor ison) and a gate electrode overlap with each other or a region where achannel is formed in a plan view of the transistor. In one transistor,channel lengths in all regions are not necessarily the same. In otherwords, the channel length of one transistor is not fixed to one value insome cases. Therefore, in this specification, the channel length is anyone of values, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the averagevalue in a region where a channel is formed.

The channel width refers to, for example, the length of a portion wherea source and a drain face each other in a region where a semiconductor(or a portion where a current flows in a semiconductor when a transistoris on) and a gate electrode overlap with each other, or a region where achannel is formed. In one transistor, channel widths in all regions arenot necessarily the same. In other words, the channel width of onetransistor is not fixed to one value in some cases. Therefore, in thisspecification, the channel width is any one of values, the maximumvalue, the minimum value, or the average value in a region where achannel is formed.

Note that depending on transistor structures, a channel width in aregion where a channel is formed actually (hereinafter referred to as aneffective channel width) is different from a channel width shown in aplan view of the transistor (hereinafter referred to as an apparentchannel width) in some cases. For example, in a transistor having athree-dimensional structure, an effective channel width is greater thanan apparent channel width shown in a plan view of the transistor, andits influence cannot be ignored in some cases. For example, in aminiaturized transistor having a three-dimensional structure, theproportion of a channel region formed in a side surface of asemiconductor is high in some cases. In that case, an effective channelwidth obtained when a channel is actually formed is greater than anapparent channel width shown in the plan view.

In a transistor having a three-dimensional structure, an effectivechannel width is difficult to measure in some cases. For example, toestimate an effective channel width from a design value, it is necessaryto assume that the shape of a semiconductor is known as an assumptioncondition. Therefore, in the case where the shape of a semiconductor isnot known accurately, it is difficult to measure an effective channelwidth accurately.

Therefore, in this specification, in a plan view of a transistor, anapparent channel width that is a length of a portion where a source anda drain face each other in a region where a semiconductor and a gateelectrode overlap with each other is referred to as a surrounded channelwidth (SCW) in some cases. Further, in this specification, in the casewhere the term “channel width” is simply used, it may represent asurrounded channel width or an apparent channel width. Alternatively, inthis specification, in the case where the term “channel width” is simplyused, it may represent an effective channel width in some cases. Notethat the values of a channel length, a channel width, an effectivechannel width, an apparent channel width, a surrounded channel width,and the like can be determined by obtaining and analyzing across-sectional TEM image and the like.

Note that in the case where field-effect mobility, a current value perchannel width, and the like of a transistor are obtained by calculation,a surrounded channel width may be used for the calculation. In thatcase, a value different from one in the case where an effective channelwidth is used for the calculation is obtained in some cases.

Note that in this specification, the description “A has a shape suchthat an end portion extends beyond an end portion of B” may indicate,for example, the case where at least one of end portions of A ispositioned on an outer side than at least one of end portions of B in atop view or a cross-sectional view. Thus, the description “A has a shapesuch that an end portion extends beyond an end portion of B” can be readas the description “one end portion of A is positioned on an outer sidethan one end portion of B in a top view,” for example, in the top view.

In this specification, the term “parallel” indicates that the angleformed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to −10° andless than or equal to 10°, and accordingly also includes the case wherethe angle is greater than or equal to −5° and less than or equal to 5°.In addition, the term “substantially parallel” indicates that the angleformed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to −30° andless than or equal to 30°. The terms “perpendicular” indicates that theangle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to 80°and less than or equal to 100°. Accordingly, the terms “perpendicular”includes the case where the angle formed between two straight lines isgreater than or equal to 85° and less than or equal to 95°. In addition,the term “substantially perpendicular” indicates that the angle formedbetween two straight lines is greater than or equal to 60° and less thanor equal to 120°.

In this specification, trigonal and rhombohedral crystal systems areincluded in a hexagonal crystal system.

In this specification, the term “semiconductor” can be replaced with anyterm for various semiconductors in some cases. For example, the term“semiconductor” can be replaced with the term for a Group 14semiconductor such as silicon or germanium; an oxide semiconductor; acompound semiconductor such as silicon carbide, germanium silicide,gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc selenide, or cadmium sulfide;or an organic semiconductor.

Here, an example of an etching method of part of a component with use ofa lithography method in the manufacture of a semiconductor device of oneembodiment of the present invention is described. First, a layer of aphotosensitive organic or inorganic substance is formed over thecomponent by a spin coating method or the like. Then, the layer of aphotosensitive organic or inorganic substance is irradiated with lightthrough a photomask. As the light, KrF excimer laser light, ArF excimerlaser light, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light, or the like may be used.Alternatively, a liquid immersion technique may be employed in which aportion between a substrate and a projection lens is filled with liquid(e.g., water) to perform light exposure. The layer of a photosensitiveorganic or inorganic substance may be irradiated with an electron beamor an ion beam instead of the above light. Note that a photomask is notnecessary in the case of using an electron beam or an ion beam. Afterthat, a region of the layer of the photosensitive organic or inorganicsubstance that has been exposed to light is removed or left with use ofa developer, so that an etching mask including a resist is formed.

Note that a bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) may be formed underthe etching mask. In the case where the BARC is used, first, the BARC isetched using the etching mask. Next, the component is etched using theetching mask and the BARC. Note that an organic or inorganic substancewhich does not function as an anti-reflective layer may be used insteadof the BARC. For the etching of the component, a plasma etchingapparatus can be used.

After the etching of the component, the etching mask or the like isremoved. For the removal of the etching mask or the like, plasmatreatment and/or wet etching are/is used. Note that as the plasmatreatment, plasma ashing is preferable. In the case where the removal ofthe etching mask or the like is not enough, the remaining etching maskor the like may be removed using ozone water and/or hydrofluoric acid ata concentration higher than or equal to 0.001 volume % and lower than orequal to 1 volume %, and the like.

As an apparatus used for plasma treatment and plasma etching, acapacitively coupled plasma (CCP) etching apparatus including parallelplate type electrodes can be used. The capacitively coupled plasmaetching apparatus including the parallel plate type electrodes may havea structure in which a high-frequency power source is applied to one ofthe parallel plate type electrodes. Alternatively, the capacitivelycoupled plasma etching apparatus may have a structure in which differenthigh-frequency power sources are applied to one of the parallel platetype electrodes. Alternatively, the capacitively coupled plasma etchingapparatus may have a structure in which high-frequency power sourceswith the same frequency are applied to the parallel plate typeelectrodes. Alternatively, the capacitively coupled plasma etchingapparatus may have a structure in which high-frequency power sourceswith different frequencies are applied to the parallel plate typeelectrodes. Alternatively, a dry etching apparatus including ahigh-density plasma source can be used. Examples of dry etchingapparatus including a high-density plasma source include an inductivelycoupled plasma (ICP) etching apparatus, an electron cyclotron resonance(ECR) plasma etching apparatus, a helicon wave plasma (HWP) etchingapparatus, a surface wave plasma (SWP) etching apparatus, and amagnetron plasma etching apparatus.

In this specification, the conductors, the insulators, and thesemiconductors can be deposited by a sputtering method, a chemical vapordeposition (CVD) method, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, a pulsedlaser deposition (PLD) method, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method,a thermal oxidation method, a plasma oxidation method, or the like.

CVD methods can be classified into a plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) methodusing plasma, a thermal CVD (TCVD) method using heat, a photo CVD methodusing light, and the like. Moreover, the CVD method can include a metalCVD (MCVD) method and a metal organic CVD (MOCVD) method depending on asource gas.

By using the PECVD method, a high-quality film can be formed at arelatively low temperature. Furthermore, a thermal CVD method does notuse plasma and thus causes less plasma damage to an object. For example,a wiring, an electrode, an element (e.g., transistor or capacitor), orthe like included in a semiconductor device might be charged up byreceiving charges from plasma. In that case, accumulated charges mightbreak the wiring, electrode, element, or the like included in thesemiconductor device. By contrast, when a thermal CVD method not usingplasma is employed, such plasma damage is not caused and the yield ofthe semiconductor device can be increased. A thermal CVD method does notcause plasma damage during deposition, so that a film with few defectscan be obtained.

An ALD method also causes less plasma damage to an object. An ALD methoddoes not cause plasma damage during deposition, so that a film with fewdefects can be obtained.

Unlike in a deposition method in which particles ejected from a targetor the like are deposited, in a CVD method and an ALD method, a film isformed by reaction at a surface of an object. Thus, a CVD method and anALD method enable favorable step coverage almost regardless of the shapeof an object. In particular, an ALD method enables excellent stepcoverage and excellent thickness uniformity and can be favorably usedfor covering a surface of an opening with a high aspect ratio, forexample. On the other hand, an ALD method has a relatively lowdeposition rate; thus, it is sometimes preferable to combine an ALDmethod with another deposition method with a high deposition rate suchas a CVD method.

When a CVD method or an ALD method is used, composition of a film to beformed can be controlled with a flow rate ratio of the source gases. Forexample, by a CVD method or an ALD method, a film with a certaincomposition can be formed depending on a flow rate ratio of the sourcegases. Moreover, with a CVD method or an ALD method, by changing theflow rate ratio of the source gases while forming the film, a film whosecomposition is continuously changed can be formed. In the case where thefilm is formed while changing the flow rate ratio of the source gases,as compared to the case where the film is formed using a plurality ofdeposition chambers, time taken for the film formation can be reducedbecause time taken for transfer and pressure adjustment is omitted.Thus, semiconductor devices can be manufactured with improvedproductivity.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, a structure and a fabricating method of a capacitorof one embodiment of the present invention will be described.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor of one embodiment of thepresent invention. The capacitor includes a conductor 105, an insulator110 that is over the conductor 105 and has an opening reaching a topsurface of the conductor 105, a conductor 160 in contact with a sidesurface of the insulator 110 and the conductor 105 in the opening, aninsulator 120 over the conductor 160, and a conductor 170 having aregion overlapping with the conductor 160 with the insulator 120provided therebetween. In addition, the conductor 105 and the conductor160 are electrically connected.

The conductor 105 has a function of one of electrodes of the capacitor,and the conductor 170 has a function of the other electrode. Theinsulator 120 has a function of a dielectric of the capacitor.

Each of the conductor 105 and the conductor 170 may be formed to have asingle-layer structure or a layered structure including a conductorcontaining, for example, one or more kinds of boron, nitrogen, oxygen,fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chromium, manganese,cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum,ruthenium, platinum, silver, indium, tin, tantalum, and tungsten. Forexample, a film of an alloy or a compound containing the above elementmay be used: a conductor containing aluminum, a conductor containingcopper and titanium, a conductor containing copper and manganese, aconductor containing indium, tin, and oxygen, a conductor containingtitanium and nitrogen, or the like may be used.

The conductor 160 may be formed to have a single-layer structure or astacked-layer structure including a conductor containing, for example,one or more kinds of boron, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, silicon,phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel,copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium,platinum, silver, indium, tin, tantalum, and tungsten. For example, analloy film or a compound film may be used: a conductor containingaluminum, a conductor containing copper and titanium, a conductorcontaining copper and manganese, a conductor containing indium, tin, andoxygen, a conductor containing titanium and nitrogen, a conductorcontaining tungsten and silicon, or the like may be used.

As the insulator 120, an oxide film formed by oxidizing the conductor160 may be used. The oxide film is formed by thermal oxidization methodor a plasma oxidation method and does not include a film formed by otheroxidation methods or natural oxidation. Furthermore, for example, theinsulator 120 may be formed to be a multilayer film using a plurality ofinsulators that are selected as appropriate from metal oxides such asaluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttriumoxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide,and tantalum oxide; silicon nitride oxide; and silicon nitride.

The insulator 110 may be formed using a metal oxide such as aluminumoxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide,zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, ortantalum oxide; silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride; silicon nitrideoxide; or silicon nitride.

The method for manufacturing a capacitor in FIG. 1 of one embodiment ofthe present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A and2B to FIGS. 3A and 3B.

First, the conductor 105 is formed. The conductor 105 is deposited notonly over a substrate but also over an insulating layer or asemiconductor device.

Next, over the conductor 105, an insulator that is to be the insulator110 is formed. Then, the insulator that is to be the insulator 110 isprocessed by a lithography method, so that the insulator 110 having anopening that reaches a top surface of the conductor 105 is formed (seeFIG. 2A).

Next, a conductor 115 is formed over the insulator 110 and in theopening. The conductor 115 may be formed using a conductor containing,for example, one or more kinds of boron, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine,silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt,nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum,ruthenium, platinum, silver, indium, tin, tantalum, and tungsten. Forexample, an alloy film or a compound film may be used: a conductorcontaining aluminum, a conductor containing copper and titanium, aconductor containing copper and manganese, a conductor containingindium, tin, and oxygen, a conductor containing titanium and nitrogen, aconductor containing tungsten and silicon, or the like may be used (seeFIG. 2B).

Next, the conductor 115 is oxidized to form an insulator 125 on asurface of the conductor 115. As an oxidation method, a thermaloxidation method or plasma treatment containing oxygen may be employed.The oxidation by high-density plasma treatment containing oxygen isfurther preferable. For example, in the case where the conductor 115 isa conductor containing tungsten and silicon, a silicon oxide film can beformed by high-density plasma treatment containing oxygen performed onthe conductor 115.

The insulator 125 can be formed to have a uniform thickness on theconductor 115 because the insulator 125 is formed by oxidation of asurface of the conductor 115. This is preferable because a variation incapacitance of capacitor can be reduced (see FIG. 3A).

The insulator 125 can have a multilayer film including two or morelayers by depositing an insulator on the insulator 125. The multilayerfilm is preferable because it enables the amount of leakage currentflowing between electrodes of the capacitor to be reduced and alsoenables a property of withstanding voltage between electrodes of thecapacitor to be improved.

Next, a conductor 165 is formed. The conductor 165 is deposited so thatthe opening in the insulator 110 is filled. Therefore, a CVD method (anMCVD method, in particular) is preferred. A multilayer film of aconductor deposited by an ALD method or the like and a conductordeposited by a MCVD method is preferred in some cases to increaseadhesion of the conductor deposited by an MCVD method and the insulator.For example, a multilayer film in which titanium nitride or tantalumnitride and tungsten are deposited in this order or the like can be used(see FIG. 3B).

Next, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) treatment is performed on theconductor 165, the insulator 125, and the conductor 115 until the topsurface of the insulator 110 is exposed. By the treatment, the conductor160, the insulator 120, and the conductor 170 are embedded in theopening of the insulator 110. Accordingly, the capacitor in which one ofelectrodes is the conductor 105, the other electrode is the conductor170, and a dielectric is the insulator 120 can be fabricated (see FIG.1).

Embodiment 2 <Transistor Structure 1>

A structure of a transistor included in a semiconductor device ofembodiments of the present invention will be described below.

FIGS. 4A to 4C are a top view and cross-sectional views of asemiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4Ais the top view. FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken alongdashed-dotted line A1-A2 in FIG. 4A. FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional viewtaken along dashed-dotted line A3-A4 illustrated in FIG. 4A. Note thatfor simplification of the drawing, some components in the top view inFIG. 4A are not illustrated.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4B and 4C, the transistor includes an insulator401 over a substrate 400 and an insulator 301 over the insulator 401.The insulator 301 has openings, and a conductor 310 a and a conductor310 b are provided in the openings. In addition, the transistor includesthe following components: an insulator 302 over the insulator 301, theconductor 310 a, and the conductor 310 b; an insulator 303 over theinsulator 302; an insulator 402 over the insulator 303; an insulator 406a over the insulator 402; a semiconductor 406 b over the insulator 406a; a conductor 416 a 1 and a conductor 416 a 2 each having a region incontact with a top surface of the semiconductor 406 b; an insulator 424a 1 covering a side surface and a top surface of the conductor 416 a 1;an insulator 424 a 2 covering a side surface and a top surface of theconductor 416 a 2; an insulator 406 c that is over the insulator 402 andin contact with a side surface of the insulator 406 a, a side surface ofthe semiconductor 406 b, a top surface of the semiconductor 406 b, aside surface of the insulator 424 a 1, a top surface of the insulator424 a 1, a side surface of the insulator 424 a 2, and a top surface ofthe insulator 424 a 2; an insulator 412 over the insulator 406 c; aconductor 404 overlapping with the semiconductor 406 b with theinsulator 412 and the insulator 406 c provided therebetween, aninsulator 410 over the insulator 412 and the conductor 404; an insulator408 over the insulator 410; a first opening that reaches the conductor310 b through the insulator 408, the insulator 410, the insulator 412,the insulator 406 c, the insulator 402, the insulator 303, and theinsulator 302; a second opening that reaches the conductor 416 a 1through the insulator 408, the insulator 410, the insulator 412, theinsulator 406 c, and the insulator 424 a 1; a third opening that reachesthe conductor 416 a 2 through the insulator 408, the insulator 410, theinsulator 412, the insulator 406 c, and the insulator 424 a 2; and afourth opening that reaches the conductor 404 through the insulator 408and the insulator 410. A conductor 433 is embedded in the first opening,a conductor 431 is embedded in the second opening, a conductor 429 isembedded in the third opening, and a conductor 437 is embedded in thefourth opening. Moreover, a conductor 434 having a region in contactwith the conductor 433 is provided over the insulator 408. A conductor432 having a region in contact with the conductor 431 is provided overthe insulator 408. A conductor 430 having a region in contact with theconductor 429 is provided over the insulator 408. A conductor 438 havinga region in contact with the conductor 437 is provided over theinsulator 408.

Note that the semiconductor 406 b includes a region 407 in which the topsurface of the semiconductor 406 b is in contact with the conductors 416a 1 and 416 a 2.

In the transistor, the conductor 404 functions as a first gateelectrode. Furthermore, the conductor 404 can have a stacked structureincluding a conductor that has a function of inhibiting penetration ofoxygen. For example, when the conductor that has a function ofinhibiting penetration of oxygen is formed as a lower layer, an increasein the electric resistance value due to oxidation of the conductor 404can be prevented. The insulator 412 serves as a gate insulator. Notethat the electric resistance values of the conductors can be measured bya two-terminal method or the like.

The resistance of the semiconductor 406 b can be controlled by apotential applied to the conductor 404. That is, conduction ornon-conduction between the conductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2can be controlled by the potential applied to the conductor 404.

The conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2 function as a source electrode and adrain electrode. The side surface and the top surface of the conductor416 a 1 is covered with the insulator 424 a 1. The side surface and thetop surface of the conductor 416 a 2 is covered with the insulator 424 a2. The conductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 404 partly overlaps with eachother with the insulator 412, the insulator 406 c, and the insulator 424a 1 interposed therebetween. The conductor 416 a 2 and the conductor 404partly overlaps with each other with the insulator 412, the insulator406 c, and the insulator 424 a 2 interposed therebetween. Thus, in thistransistor structure, the parasitic capacitance between the conductor416 a 1 and the conductor 404 and the parasitic capacitance between theconductor 416 a 2 and the conductor 404 can be reduced. The transistorcan be a transistor with high frequency characteristics, i.e., atransistor suitable for high-speed operation.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4B and 4C, the top surface of the semiconductor406 b is in contact with the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2. Inaddition, the semiconductor 406 b can be electrically surrounded by anelectric field of the conductor 404 serving as the first gate electrode.A structure in which a semiconductor is electrically surrounded by anelectric field of a gate electrode is referred to as a surroundedchannel (s-channel) structure. Therefore, a channel is formed in theentire semiconductor 406 b in some cases. In the s-channel structure, alarge amount of current can flow between a source and a drain of thetransistor, so that an on-state current can be increased. In addition,since the semiconductor 406 b is surrounded by the electric field of theconductor 404, an off-state current can be decreased.

The conductor 310 a functions as a second gate electrode. Furthermore,the conductor 310 a can have a stacked structure including a conductorthat has a function of inhibiting penetration of oxygen. For example,when the conductor that has a function of inhibiting penetration ofoxygen is formed as a lower layer, a decrease in the conductivity due tooxidation of the conductor 310 a can be prevented. The insulators 302,303, and 402 serve as a gate insulating film. The threshold voltage ofthe transistor can be controlled by a potential applied to the conductor310 a. In addition, the threshold voltage of the transistor can becontrolled by applying potentials to the conductor 310 a so thatelectrons are injected to the insulator 303. The first gate electrodeand the second gate electrode are electrically connected to each other,whereby a high on-state current can be obtained. Note that the functionof the first gate electrode and that of the second gate electrode may beinterchanged.

FIG. 6A illustrates an example in which the first gate electrode and thesecond gate electrode are electrically connected. In an opening reachingthe conductor 404 through the insulators 408 and 410, a conductor 440 isembedded, and a top surface of the conductor 440 is electricallyconnected to a conductor 444 formed over the insulator 408. In anopening reaching a conductor 310 c through the insulators 410, 408, 412,406 c, 402, 303, and 302, a conductor 442 is embedded, and a top surfaceof the conductor 442 is electrically connected to the conductor 444.That is, the conductor 404 functioning as the first gate electrode iselectrically connected to the conductor 310 c functioning as the secondgate electrode through the conductors 440, 444, and 442.

Note that the transistor is surrounded by an insulator which has afunction of blocking oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen, wherebystable electrical characteristics can be obtained. For example, as theinsulator 408, an insulator which has a function of blocking oxygen andimpurities such as hydrogen may be used.

An insulator with a function of blocking oxygen and impurities such ashydrogen may be formed to have a single-layer structure or astacked-layer structure including an insulator containing, for example,boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon,phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium,lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum.

Furthermore, for example, the insulator 408 may be formed using a metaloxide such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germaniumoxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide,hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide; silicon nitride oxide; or siliconnitride. Note that the insulator 408 preferably contains aluminum oxide.For example, when the insulator 408 is formed using plasma includingoxygen, oxygen can be added to the insulator 412 serving as a base layerof the insulator 408. The added oxygen becomes excess oxygen in theinsulator 412. When the insulator 408 contains aluminum oxide, entry ofimpurities such as hydrogen into the semiconductor 406 b can beinhibited. Furthermore, when the insulator 408 contains aluminum oxide,for example, outward diffusion of excess oxygen added to the insulator412 described above can be reduced.

The insulator 401 may be formed using, for example, aluminum oxide,magnesium oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, gallium oxide,germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide,neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide. Note that theinsulator 401 preferably includes aluminum oxide or silicon nitride. Forexample, when the insulator 401 includes aluminum oxide or siliconnitride, entry of impurities such as hydrogen into the semiconductor 406b can be inhibited. Furthermore, when the insulator 401 includesaluminum oxide or silicon nitride, for example, outward diffusion ofoxygen can be reduced.

The insulator 301 may be formed to have, for example, a single-layerstructure or a stacked-layer structure including an insulator containingboron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon,phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium,lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum. For example, the insulator301 preferably includes silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride.

The insulator 303 may be formed to have, for example, a single-layerstructure or a stacked-layer structure including an insulator or a metaloxide film containing boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine,magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium,germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, ortantalum. For example, the insulator 303 preferably contains siliconnitride, hafnium oxide, or aluminum oxide.

The insulators 302 and 402 may each be formed to have, for example, asingle-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure including aninsulator containing boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine,magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium,germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, ortantalum. For example, the insulator 402 preferably contains siliconoxide or silicon oxynitride.

Note that the insulator 410 preferably includes an insulator with lowrelative dielectric constant. For example, the insulator 410 preferablyincludes silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide,silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxideto which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen areadded, porous silicon oxide, a resin, or the like. Alternatively, theinsulator 410 preferably has a stacked-layer structure of a resin andsilicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, siliconnitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide towhich carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen areadded, or porous silicon oxide. When silicon oxide or siliconoxynitride, which is thermally stable, is combined with resin, thestacked-layer structure can have thermal stability and low relativepermittivity. Examples of the resin include polyester, polyolefin,polyamide (e.g., nylon or aramid), polyimide, polycarbonate, andacrylic.

The insulator 412 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layerstructure including an insulator containing, for example, boron, carbon,nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus,chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum,neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum. For example, the insulator 412preferably contain silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride.

Note that the insulator 412 preferably contains an insulator with a highdielectric constant. For example, the insulator 412 preferably includesgallium oxide, hafnium oxide, oxide including aluminum and hafnium,oxynitride including aluminum and hafnium, oxide including silicon andhafnium, oxynitride including silicon and hafnium, or the like. Theinsulator 412 preferably has a stacked-layer structure including siliconoxide or silicon oxynitride and an insulator with a high dielectricconstant. Because silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride have thermalstability, combination of silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride with aninsulator with a high dielectric constant allows the stacked-layerstructure to be thermally stable and have a high dielectric constant.For example, when an aluminum oxide, a gallium oxide, or a hafnium oxideof the insulator 412 is on the insulator 406 c side, entry of siliconincluded in the silicon oxide or the silicon oxynitride into thesemiconductor 406 b can be suppressed. Alternatively, when the siliconoxide or the silicon oxynitride is on the insulator 406 c side, a trapcenter may be formed at an interface between the aluminum oxide, thegallium oxide, or the hafnium oxide, and the silicon oxide or thesilicon oxynitride in some cases. The trap centers can shift thethreshold voltage of the transistor in the positive direction bytrapping electrons in some cases.

The insulator 424 a 1 and the insulator 424 a 2 may be formed using aninsulator that is obtained by oxidizing the conductor 416 a 1 and theconductor 416 a 2. Furthermore, for example, such an insulator may beformed using a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide,gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide,lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide;silicon oxide; silicon nitride oxide; or silicon nitride.

Each of the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2 may be formed to have asingle-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure including aconductor containing, for example, one or more kinds of boron, nitrogen,oxygen, fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chromium,manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium,molybdenum, ruthenium, platinum, silver, indium, tin, tantalum, andtungsten. For example, an alloy film or a compound film may be used: aconductor containing aluminum, a conductor containing copper andtitanium, a conductor containing copper and manganese, a conductorcontaining indium, tin, and oxygen, a conductor containing titanium andnitrogen, conductor containing tungsten or silicon, or the like may beused.

Each of the conductors 310 a, 310 b, 310 c, 404, 429, 430, 431, 432,433, 434, 437, 438, 440, 442, and 444 may be formed to have, forexample, a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure includinga conductor containing one or more kinds of boron, nitrogen, oxygen,fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chromium, manganese,cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum,ruthenium, silver, indium, tin, tantalum, and tungsten. Alternatively, afilm of an alloy or a compound containing the above element may be used:a conductor containing aluminum, a conductor containing copper andtitanium, a conductor containing copper and manganese, a conductorcontaining indium, tin, and oxygen, a conductor containing titanium andnitrogen, or the like may be used.

An oxide semiconductor is preferably used as the semiconductor 406 b.However, silicon (including strained silicon), germanium, silicongermanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide,indium phosphide, gallium nitride, an organic semiconductor, or the likecan be used in some cases.

As the insulator 406 a and the insulator 406 c, oxides containing one ormore elements other than oxygen included in the semiconductor 406 b arepreferably used. However, silicon (including strained silicon),germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide,aluminum gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, an organicsemiconductor, or the like can be used in some cases.

<Transistor Structure 2>

A transistor having a structure different from that in FIGS. 4A to 4Cwill be described with reference to FIGS. 5A to 5C. FIGS. 5A to 5C are atop view and cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device of oneembodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5A is a top view. FIG. 5B is across-sectional view taken along dashed-dotted line A1-A2 in FIG. 5A.FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view taken along dashed-dotted line A3-A4illustrated in FIG. 5A. Note that for simplification of the drawing,some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 5A.

As illustrated in FIGS. 5B and 5C, the transistor includes the insulator401 over the substrate 400 and the insulator 301 over the insulator 401.The insulator 301 has an opening, and in the opening, the conductor 310a and the conductor 310 b are provided. Furthermore, the transistorincludes the following components: the insulator 302 over the insulator301, the conductor 310 a, and the conductor 310 b; the insulator 303over the insulator 302; the insulator 402 over the insulator 303; theinsulator 406 a over the insulator 402; the semiconductor 406 b over theinsulator 406 a; the conductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2 eachhaving a region in contact with a top surface of the semiconductor 406b; the insulator 424 a 1 in a region that is on the side surface of theconductor 416 a 1 and in contact with the insulator 406 c; the insulator424 a 2 in a region that is on the side surface of the conductor 416 a 2and in contact with the insulator 406 c; the insulator 410 in contactwith a top surface of the conductor 416 a 1 and a top surface of theconductor 416 a 2; the insulator 406 c in contact with a top surface ofthe semiconductor 406 b; the insulator 412 over the insulator 406 c; theconductor 404 provided over the semiconductor 406 b with the insulator412 and the insulator 406 c interposed therebetween; an insulator 418over the insulator 410, the conductor 404, the insulator 412, and theinsulator 406 c; the insulator 408 over the insulator 418; an insulator428 over the insulator 408; a first opening that reaches the conductor310 b through the insulator 428, the insulator 408, the insulator 418,the insulator 410, the insulator 402, the insulator 303, and theinsulator 302; a second opening that reaches the conductor 416 a 1through the insulator 428, the insulator 408, the insulator 418, and theinsulator 410; a third opening that reaches the conductor 416 a 2through the insulator 428, the insulator 408, the insulator 418, and theinsulator 410; and a fourth opening that reaches the conductor 404through the insulator 428, the insulator 408, and the insulator 418. Theconductor 433 is embedded in the first opening, the conductor 431 isembedded in the second opening, the conductor 429 is embedded in thethird opening, and the conductor 437 is embedded in the fourth opening.Moreover, the conductor 434 having a region in contact with theconductor 433 is provided over the insulator 428. The conductor 432having a region in contact with the conductor 431 is provided over theinsulator 428. The conductor 430 having a region in contact with theconductor 429 is provided over the insulator 428. The conductor 438having a region in contact with the conductor 437 is provided over theinsulator 428.

Note that the semiconductor 406 b includes the region 407 in which thetop surface of the semiconductor 406 b is in contact with the conductors416 a 1 and 416 a 2.

In the transistor, the conductor 404 functions as a first gateelectrode. Furthermore, the conductor 404 can have a stacked structureincluding a conductor that has a function of inhibiting penetration ofoxygen. For example, when the conductor that has a function ofinhibiting penetration of oxygen is formed as a lower layer, an increasein the electric resistance value due to oxidation of the conductor 404can be prevented. The insulator 412 serves as a gate insulator.

The conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2 function as source and drainelectrodes of the transistor. The conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2 caneach have a stacked structure including a conductor having a function ofinhibiting penetration of oxygen. For example, when the conductor havinga function of inhibiting penetration of oxygen is formed as an upperlayer, an increase in the electric resistance value due to oxidation ofthe conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2 can be prevented.

The resistance of the semiconductor 406 b can be controlled by apotential applied to the conductor 404. That is, conduction ornon-conduction between the conductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2can be controlled by the potential applied to the conductor 404.

In the transistor, the region serving as a gate electrode is formed in aself-aligned manner by filling the openings formed in the insulator 410and the like; thus, the transistor may be called trench gateself-aligned (TGSA) s-channel FET.

In FIG. 5B, the length of the region of the bottom surface of theconductor 404 functioning as a first gate electrode facing the topsurface of the semiconductor 406 b with the insulator 412 and theinsulator 406 c positioned therebetween is defined as a gate line width.The gate line width can be smaller than the width of the openingreaching the semiconductor 406 b in the insulator 410 and the like. Thatis, the gate line width can be smaller than the minimum feature size.Specifically, the gate line width can be greater than or equal to 5 nmand less than or equal to 60 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 5nm and less than or equal to 30 nm.

When an electric field of the first gate electrode is blocked by otherconductors, switching characteristics of the transistor are degraded insome cases. In the transistor, the positional relationship between theconductor 404 and the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2 is changed by thethicknesses of the insulators 406 c and 412. That is, the relationshipbetween the thicknesses of the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2functioning as the source electrode and the drain electrode and thethickness of the insulator 412 functioning as the gate insulating filmaffects the electrical characteristics of the transistor.

When the thickness of the insulator 412 in a region between theconductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2 is smaller than that of theconductor 416 a 1 or 416 a 2 in FIG. 5B, an electric field from the gateelectrode is applied to the entire channel formation region, making theoperation of the transistor favorable. The thickness of the insulator412 in the region between the conductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a2 is less than or equal to 30 nm, preferably less than or equal to 10nm.

The transistor can have a structure in which the conductor 416 a 1 or416 a 2 has a small thickness. An end portion of the conductor 416 a 1has a region facing the conductor 404 with the insulator 406 c, theinsulator 412, and the insulator 424 a 1 positioned therebetween. Theend portion of the conductor 416 a 2 has a region facing the conductor404 with the insulator 406 c, the insulator 412, and the insulator 424 a2 positioned therebetween. The areas of such regions can be small.Furthermore, the insulator 424 a 1 and the insulator 424 a 2 arearranged, whereby the insulators in such regions can have a largethickness. Thus, parasitic capacitance of these regions in thetransistor is reduced.

In the structure of the transistor, the insulator 424 a 1 is provided inthe region that is on the side surface of the conductor 416 a 1 and incontact with the insulator 406 c, as described above. The insulator 424a 2 is provided in the region that is on the side surface of theconductor 416 a 2 and in contact with the insulator 406 c, as describedabove. In other words, between the conductor 404 functioning as thefirst gate electrode and the conductor 416 a 1 or 416 a 2 functioning asa source or drain electrode, the insulator 424 a 1 or the insulator 424a 2 is added to the insulator 412 and the insulator 406 c. Accordingly,the electric field between the conductor 404 functioning as the firstgate electrode and the conductor 416 a 1 or 416 a 2 functioning as asource or drain electrode can be relaxed, whereby the short channeleffect of the transistor is hardly affected.

The conductor 310 a functions as a second gate electrode. The conductor310 a can be a multilayer film including a conductive film that has afunction of inhibiting penetration of oxygen. The use of the multilayerfilm including a conductive film that has a function of inhibitingpenetration of oxygen can prevent a decrease in conductivity due tooxidation of the conductor 310 a. The insulators 302, 303, and 402 serveas a gate insulating film. The threshold voltage of the transistor canbe controlled by a potential applied to the conductor 310 a. Inaddition, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be controlled byapplying potentials to the conductor 310 c so that electrons areinjected to the insulator 303. The first gate electrode and the secondgate electrode are electrically connected to each other, whereby a highon-state current can be obtained. Note that the function of the firstgate electrode and that of the second gate electrode may beinterchanged.

FIG. 6B illustrates an example in which the first gate electrode and thesecond gate electrode are electrically connected. In an opening reachingthe conductor 404 through the insulators 428, 408, and 418, theconductor 440 is embedded, and the top surface of the conductor 440 iselectrically connected to the conductor 444 formed over the insulator428. In an opening reaching the conductor 310 c through the insulators428, 408, 418, 410, 402, and 303, 302, the conductor 442 is embedded,and the top surface of the conductor 442 is electrically connected tothe conductor 444. That is, the conductor 404 functioning as the firstgate electrode is electrically connected to the conductor 310 cfunctioning as the second gate electrode through the conductors 440,444, and 442.

The insulators 418 and 428 may each be formed to have, for example, asingle-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure including aninsulator containing boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine,magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium,germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, ortantalum. For example, the insulators 418 and 428 preferably containsilicon oxide or silicon oxynitride. For the other components, refer tothe above description.

Embodiment 3 <Structure of Oxide Semiconductor>

The structure of an oxide semiconductor will be described below.

An oxide semiconductor is classified into a single crystal oxidesemiconductor and a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor. Examples ofa non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor include a c-axis-alignedcrystalline oxide semiconductor (CAAC-OS), a polycrystalline oxidesemiconductor, a nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor (nc-OS), anamorphous-like oxide semiconductor (a-like OS), and an amorphous oxidesemiconductor.

From another perspective, an oxide semiconductor is classified into anamorphous oxide semiconductor and a crystalline oxide semiconductor.Examples of a crystalline oxide semiconductor include a single crystaloxide semiconductor, a CAAC-OS, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor,and an nc-OS.

An amorphous structure is generally thought to be isotropic and have nonon-uniform structure, to be metastable and not to have fixed positionsof atoms, to have a flexible bond angle, and to have a short-range orderbut have no long-range order, for example.

This means that a stable oxide semiconductor cannot be regarded as acompletely amorphous oxide semiconductor. Moreover, an oxidesemiconductor that is not isotropic (e.g., an oxide semiconductor thathas a periodic structure in a microscopic region) cannot be regarded asa completely amorphous oxide semiconductor. In contrast, an a-like OS,which is not isotropic, has an unstable structure that contains a void.Because of its instability, an a-like OS is close to an amorphous oxidesemiconductor in terms of physical properties.

<CAAC-OS>

First, a CAAC-OS will be described.

A CAAC-OS is one of oxide semiconductors having a plurality of c-axisaligned crystal parts (also referred to as pellets).

Analysis of a CAAC-OS by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is described. Forexample, when the structure of a CAAC-OS including an InGaZnO₄ crystalthat is classified into the space group R-3m is analyzed by anout-of-plane method, a peak appears at a diffraction angle (2θ) ofaround 31° as shown in FIG. 7A. This peak is derived from the (009)plane of the InGaZnO₄ crystal, which indicates that crystals in theCAAC-OS have c-axis alignment, and that the c-axes are aligned in adirection substantially perpendicular to a surface over which theCAAC-OS film is formed (also referred to as a formation surface) or thetop surface of the CAAC-OS film. Note that a peak sometimes appears at a2θ of around 36° in addition to the peak at a 2θ of around 31°. The peakat a 2θ of around 36° is derived from a crystal structure classifiedinto the space group Fd-3m. Therefore, it is preferred that the CAAC-OSdo not show the peak at a 2θ of around 36°.

On the other hand, in structural analysis of the CAAC-OS by an in-planemethod in which an X-ray is incident on the CAAC-OS in a directionparallel to the formation surface, a peak appears at a 2θ of around 56°.This peak is attributed to the (110) plane of the InGaZnO₄ crystal. Whenanalysis (ϕ scan) is performed with 2θ fixed at around 56° and with thesample rotated using a normal vector to the sample surface as an axis (ϕaxis), as shown in FIG. 7B, a peak is not clearly observed. In contrast,in the case where single crystal InGaZnO₄ is subjected to ϕ scan with 2θfixed at around 56°, as shown in FIG. 7C, six peaks which are derivedfrom crystal planes equivalent to the (110) plane are observed.Accordingly, the structural analysis using XRD shows that the directionsof a-axes and b-axes are irregularly oriented in the CAAC-OS.

Next, a CAAC-OS analyzed by electron diffraction will be described. Forexample, when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 300 nm isincident on a CAAC-OS including an InGaZnO₄ crystal in a directionparallel to the formation surface of the CAAC-OS, a diffraction pattern(also referred to as a selected-area electron diffraction pattern) shownin FIG. 7D can be obtained. In this diffraction pattern, spots derivedfrom the (009) plane of an InGaZnO₄ crystal are included. Thus, theelectron diffraction also indicates that pellets included in the CAAC-OShave c-axis alignment and that the c-axes are aligned in the directionsubstantially perpendicular to the formation surface or the top surfaceof the CAAC-OS. Meanwhile, FIG. 7E shows a diffraction pattern obtainedin such a manner that an electron beam with a probe diameter of 300 nmis incident on the same sample in the direction perpendicular to thesample surface. As shown in FIG. 7E, a ring-like diffraction pattern isobserved. Thus, the electron diffraction using an electron beam with aprobe diameter of 300 nm also indicates that the a-axes and b-axes ofthe pellets included in the CAAC-OS do not have regular orientation. Thefirst ring in FIG. 7E is considered to be derived from the (010) plane,the (100) plane, and the like of the InGaZnO₄ crystal. The second ringin FIG. 7E is considered to be derived from the (110) plane and thelike.

In a combined analysis image (also referred to as a high-resolution TEMimage) of a bright-field image and a diffraction pattern of a CAAC-OS,which is obtained using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), aplurality of pellets can be observed. However, even in thehigh-resolution TEM image, a boundary between pellets, that is, acrystal grain boundary is not clearly observed in some cases. Thus, inthe CAAC-OS, a reduction in electron mobility due to the grain boundaryis less likely to occur.

FIG. 8A shows a high-resolution TEM image of a cross section of theCAAC-OS which is observed from a direction substantially parallel to thesample surface. The high-resolution TEM image is obtained with aspherical aberration corrector function. The high-resolution TEM imageobtained with a spherical aberration corrector function is particularlyreferred to as a Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image. TheCs-corrected high-resolution TEM image can be observed with, forexample, an atomic resolution analytical electron microscope JEM-ARM200Fmanufactured by JEOL Ltd.

FIG. 8A shows pellets in which metal atoms are arranged in a layeredmanner, and proves that the size of a pellet is greater than or equal to1 nm or greater than or equal to 3 nm. Therefore, the pellet can also bereferred to as a nanocrystal (nc). Furthermore, the CAAC-OS can also bereferred to as an oxide semiconductor including c-axis alignednanocrystals (CANC). A pellet reflects unevenness of a formation surfaceor a top surface of the CAAC-OS, and is parallel to the formationsurface or the top surface of the CAAC-OS.

FIGS. 8B and 8C show Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM images of a planeof the CAAC-OS observed from a direction substantially perpendicular tothe sample surface. FIGS. 8D and 8E are images obtained through imageprocessing of FIGS. 8B and 8C. The method of image processing is asfollows. The image in FIG. 8B is subjected to fast Fourier transform(FFT), so that an FFT image is obtained. Then, mask processing isperformed such that a range of from 2.8 nm⁻¹ to 5.0 nm⁻¹ from the originin the obtained FFT image remains. After the mask processing, the FFTimage is processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to obtain aprocessed image. The image obtained in this manner is called an FFTfiltering image. The FFT filtering image is a Cs-correctedhigh-resolution TEM image from which a periodic component is extracted,and shows a lattice arrangement.

In FIG. 8D, a portion where a lattice arrangement is broken is denotedwith a dashed line. A region surrounded by a dashed line is one pellet.The portion denoted with the dashed line is a junction of pellets. Thedashed line draws a hexagon, which means that the pellet has a hexagonalshape. Note that the shape of the pellet is not always a regular hexagonbut is a non-regular hexagon in many cases.

In FIG. 8E, a dotted line denotes a boundary between a region with aregular lattice arrangement and another region with a regular latticearrangement. A clear crystal grain boundary cannot be observed even inthe vicinity of the dotted line. When a lattice point in the vicinity ofthe dotted line is regarded as a center and surrounding lattice pointsare joined, a distorted hexagon, pentagon, and/or heptagon can beformed, for example. That is, a lattice arrangement is distorted so thatformation of a crystal grain boundary is inhibited. This is probablybecause the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion owing to a low density ofthe atomic arrangement in an a-b plane direction, the interatomic bonddistance changed by substitution of a metal element, and the like.

As described above, the CAAC-OS has c-axis alignment, its pellets(nanocrystals) are connected in an a-b plane direction, and the crystalstructure has distortion. For this reason, the CAAC-OS can also bereferred to as an oxide semiconductor including a c-axis-aligneda-b-plane-anchored (CAA) crystal.

The CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor with high crystallinity. Entry ofimpurities, formation of defects, or the like might decrease thecrystallinity of an oxide semiconductor. This means that the CAAC-OS hassmall amounts of impurities and defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies).

Note that the impurity means an element other than the main componentsof the oxide semiconductor, such as hydrogen, carbon, silicon, or atransition metal element. For example, an element (specifically, siliconor the like) having higher strength of bonding to oxygen than a metalelement included in an oxide semiconductor extracts oxygen from theoxide semiconductor, which results in disorder of the atomic arrangementand reduced crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor. A heavy metal suchas iron or nickel, argon, carbon dioxide, or the like has a large atomicradius (or molecular radius), and thus disturbs the atomic arrangementof the oxide semiconductor and decreases crystallinity.

The characteristics of an oxide semiconductor having impurities ordefects might be changed by light, heat, or the like. For example,impurities contained in the oxide semiconductor might serve as carriertraps or carrier generation sources. For example, oxygen vacancy in theoxide semiconductor might serve as a carrier trap or serve as a carriergeneration source when hydrogen is captured therein.

The CAAC-OS having small amounts of impurities and oxygen vacancies isan oxide semiconductor with a low carrier density (specifically, lowerthan 8×10¹¹/cm³, preferably lower than 1×10¹¹/cm³, further preferablylower than 1×10¹⁰/cm³, and is higher than or equal to 1×10⁻⁹/cm³). Suchan oxide semiconductor is referred to as a highly purified intrinsic orsubstantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor. A CAAC-OShas a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states.Thus, the CAAC-OS can be referred to as an oxide semiconductor havingstable characteristics.

<nc-OS>

Next, an nc-OS is described.

Analysis of an nc-OS by XRD is described. When the structure of an nc-OSis analyzed by an out-of-plane method, a peak indicating orientationdoes not appear. That is, a crystal of an nc-OS does not haveorientation.

For example, when an electron beam with a probe diameter of 50 nm isincident on a 34-nm-thick region of thinned nc-OS including an InGaZnO₄crystal in a direction parallel to the formation surface, a ring-shapeddiffraction pattern (a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern) shown inFIG. 9A is observed. FIG. 9B shows a diffraction pattern obtained whenan electron beam with a probe diameter of 1 nm is incident on the samesample. As shown in FIG. 9B, a plurality of spots are observed in aring-like region. In other words, ordering in an nc-OS is not observedwith an electron beam with a probe diameter of 50 nm but is observedwith an electron beam with a probe diameter of 1 nm.

Furthermore, an electron diffraction pattern in which spots are arrangedin an approximately regular hexagonal shape is observed in some cases asshown in FIG. 9C when an electron beam having a probe diameter of 1 nmis incident on a region with a thickness of less than 10 nm. This meansthat an nc-OS has a well-ordered region, i.e., a crystal, in the rangeof less than 10 nm in thickness. Note that an electron diffractionpattern having regularity is not observed in some regions becausecrystals are aligned in various directions.

FIG. 9D shows a Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM image of a crosssection of an nc-OS observed from the direction substantially parallelto the formation surface. In a high-resolution TEM image, an nc-OS has aregion in which a crystal part is observed, such as the part indicatedby additional lines, and a region in which a crystal part is not clearlyobserved. In most cases, the size of a crystal part included in thenc-OS is greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm,or specifically, greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to3 nm. Note that an oxide semiconductor including a crystal part whosesize is greater than 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm is sometimesreferred to as a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor. In ahigh-resolution TEM image of the nc-OS, for example, a grain boundary isnot clearly observed in some cases. Note that there is a possibilitythat the origin of the nanocrystal is the same as that of a pellet in aCAAC-OS. Therefore, a crystal part of the nc-OS may be referred to as apellet in the following description.

As described above, in the nc-OS, a microscopic region (for example, aregion with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equalto 10 nm, in particular, a region with a size greater than or equal to 1nm and less than or equal to 3 nm) has a periodic atomic arrangement.There is no regularity of crystal orientation between different pelletsin the nc-OS. Thus, the orientation of the whole film is not observed.Accordingly, the nc-OS cannot be distinguished from an a-like OS or anamorphous oxide semiconductor, depending on an analysis method.

Since there is no regularity of crystal orientation between the pellets(nanocrystals) as mentioned above, the nc-OS can also be referred to asan oxide semiconductor including random aligned nanocrystals (RANC) oran oxide semiconductor including non-aligned nanocrystals (NANC).

The nc-OS is an oxide semiconductor that has high regularity as comparedwith an amorphous oxide semiconductor. Therefore, the nc-OS is likely tohave a lower density of defect states than an a-like OS and an amorphousoxide semiconductor. Note that there is no regularity of crystalorientation between different pellets in the nc-OS. Therefore, the nc-OShas a higher density of defect states than the CAAC-OS.

<a-Like OS>

An a-like OS has a structure intermediate between those of the nc-OS andthe amorphous oxide semiconductor.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are high-resolution cross-sectional TEM images of ana-like OS. FIG. 10A is the high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image ofthe a-like OS at the start of the electron irradiation. FIG. 10B is thehigh-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of a-like OS after theelectron (e) irradiation at 4.3×10⁸ e⁻/nm². FIGS. 10A and 10B show thatstripe-like bright regions extending vertically are observed in thea-like OS from the start of the electron irradiation. It can also befound that the shape of the bright region changes after the electronirradiation. Note that the bright region is presumably a void or alow-density region.

The a-like OS has an unstable structure because it contains a void. Toverify that an a-like OS has an unstable structure as compared with aCAAC-OS and an nc-OS, a change in structure caused by electronirradiation will be described below.

An a-like OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS are prepared as samples. Each ofthe samples is an In-Ga—Zn oxide.

First, a high-resolution cross-sectional TEM image of each sample isobtained. The high-resolution cross-sectional TEM images show that allthe samples have crystal parts.

It is known that a unit cell of an InGaZnO₄ crystal has a structure inwhich nine layers including three In—O layers and six Ga—Zn—O layers arestacked in the c-axis direction. The distance between the adjacentlayers is equivalent to the lattice spacing on the (009) plane (alsoreferred to as d value). The value has been calculated to be 0.29 nmfrom crystal structural analysis. Accordingly, a portion where thespacing between lattice fringes is greater than or equal to 0.28 nm andless than or equal to 0.30 nm is regarded as a crystal part of InGaZnO₄in the following description. Each of lattice fringes corresponds to thea-b plane of the InGaZnO₄ crystal.

FIG. 11 shows a change in the average size of crystal parts (at 22 to 30points) in each sample. Note that the crystal part size corresponds tothe length of a lattice fringe. FIG. 11 indicates that the crystal partsize in the a-like OS increases with an increase in the cumulativeelectron dose in obtaining TEM images, for example. As shown in FIG. 11,a crystal part of approximately 1.2 nm (also referred to as an initialnucleus) at the start of TEM observation grows to a size ofapproximately 1.9 nm at a cumulative electron (e) dose of 4.2×10⁸e⁻/nm². In contrast, the crystal part size in the nc-OS and the CAAC-OSshows little change from the start of electron irradiation to acumulative electron dose of 4.2×10⁸ e⁻/nm². As shown in FIG. 11, thecrystal part sizes in an nc-OS and a CAAC-OS are approximately 1.3 nmand approximately 1.8 nm, respectively, regardless of the cumulativeelectron dose. For the electron beam irradiation and TEM observation, aHitachi H-9000NAR transmission electron microscope was used. Theconditions of electron beam irradiation were as follows: theaccelerating voltage was 300 kV; the current density was 6.7×10⁵e⁻/(nm²·s); and the diameter of the irradiation region was 230 nm.

In this manner, growth of the crystal part in the a-like OS is inducedby electron irradiation. In contrast, in the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS,growth of the crystal part is hardly induced by electron irradiation.Therefore, the a-like OS has an unstable structure as compared with thenc-OS and the CAAC-OS.

The a-like OS has a lower density than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS becauseit contains a void. Specifically, the density of the a-like OS is higherthan or equal to 78.6% and lower than 92.3% of the density of the singlecrystal oxide semiconductor having the same composition. The density ofeach of the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS is higher than or equal to 92.3% andlower than 100% of the density of the single crystal oxide semiconductorhaving the same composition. Note that it is difficult to deposit anoxide semiconductor having a density lower than 78% of the density ofthe single crystal oxide semiconductor.

For example, in the case of an oxide semiconductor having an atomicratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1, the density of single crystal InGaZnO₄ with arhombohedral crystal structure is 6.357 g/cm³. Accordingly, in the caseof the oxide semiconductor having an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1, thedensity of the a-like OS is higher than or equal to 5.0 g/cm³ and lowerthan 5.9 g/cm³. For example, in the case of the oxide semiconductorhaving an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1, the density of each of thenc-OS and the CAAC-OS is higher than or equal to 5.9 g/cm³ and lowerthan 6.3 g/cm³.

Note that in the case where an oxide semiconductor having a certaincomposition does not exist in a single crystal structure, single crystaloxide semiconductors with different compositions are combined at anadequate ratio, which makes it possible to calculate density equivalentto that of a single crystal oxide semiconductor with the desiredcomposition. The density of a single crystal oxide semiconductor havingthe desired composition can be estimated using a weighted averageaccording to the combination ratio of the single crystal oxidesemiconductors with different compositions. Note that it is preferableto use as few kinds of single crystal oxide semiconductors as possibleto estimate the density.

As described above, oxide semiconductors have various structures andvarious properties. Note that an oxide semiconductor may be a stackedlayer including two or more films of an amorphous oxide semiconductor,an a-like OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS, for example.

An oxide which can be used as the insulator 406 a, the semiconductor 406b, the insulator 406 c, or the like is described below.

An oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular,indium and zinc are preferably contained. In addition, aluminum,gallium, yttrium, tin, or the like is preferably contained. Furthermore,one or more elements selected from boron, silicon, titanium, iron,nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium,hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, or the like may be contained.

Here, the case where an oxide film contains indium, an element M, andzinc is considered. The element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, orthe like. Other elements that can be used as the element M includeboron, silicon, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium,molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten,and magnesium. Note that two or more of the above elements may be usedin combination as the element M.

First, preferred ranges of the atomic ratio of indium, the element M,and zinc contained in an oxide semiconductor according to the presentinvention are described with reference to FIGS. 12A to 12C. Note thatthe proportion of oxygen atoms is not shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C. Termsof the atomic ratio of indium to the element M and zinc in the oxidesemiconductor are denoted by [In], [M], and [Zn].

In FIGS. 12A to 12C, broken lines indicate a line where the atomic ratio[In]:[M]:[Zn] is (1+α):(1−α):1, where −1≤α≤1, a line where the atomicratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] is (1+α):(1−α):2, a line where the atomic ratio[In]:[M]:[Zn] is (1+α):(1−α):3, a line where the atomic ratio[In]:[M]:[Zn] is (1+α):(1−α):4, and a line where the atomic ratio[In]:[M]:[Zn] is (1+α):(1−α):5.

Dashed-dotted lines indicate a line where the atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn]is 1:1:β, where β≥0, a line where the atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] is 1:2:β, a line where the atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] is 1:3:β, a line wherethe atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] is 1:4: β, a line where the atomic ratio[In]:[M]:[Zn] is 2:1:β, and a line where the atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn]is 5:1:β.

An oxide with an atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] that is equal to or close to0:2:1 in FIGS. 12A to 12C is likely to have a spinel crystal structure.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show examples of the preferred ranges of the atomicratio of indium, the element M, and zinc contained in an oxide in oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 shows an example of the crystal structure of InMZnO₄ whoseatomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] is 1:1:1. The crystal structure shown in FIG.13 is InMZnO₄ observed from a direction parallel to a b-axis. Note thatthe metal elements in each MZnO₂ layer in FIG. 13 indicates an element Mor zinc. In that case, the proportion of the element M is the same asthe proportion of zinc. The element M and zinc can be replaced with eachother, and their arrangement is random.

InMZnO₄ has a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layeredstructure) and include two MZnO₂ layers containing the element M andzinc for every InO₂ layer containing indium and, as shown in FIG. 13.

Indium and the element M can be replaced with each other. Therefore,when the element M in the (M,Zn) layer is replaced with indium, thelayer can also be referred to as an (In,M,Zn) layer. In that case, alayered structure that contains two (In,M,Zn) layers for every In layeris obtained.

An oxide whose atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] is 1:1:2 has a layeredstructure that contains three (M,Zn) layers for every In layer. In otherwords, if [Zn] is higher than [In] and [M], the proportion of the (M,Zn)layer to the In layer becomes higher when the oxide is crystallized.

Note that in the case where the number of (M,Zn) layers for every Inlayer is not an integer in the oxide, the oxide might have plural kindsof layered structures where the number of (M,Zn) layers for every Inlayer is an integer. For example, in the case of [In]:[M]:[Zn]=1:1:1.5,the oxide might have the following layered structures: a layeredstructure of two (M,Zn) layers for every In layer and a layeredstructure of and three (M,Zn) layers for every In layer.

For example, in the case where the oxide is deposited with a sputteringapparatus, a film having an atomic ratio deviated from the atomic ratioof a target is formed. In particular, [Zn] in the film might be lowerthan [Zn] in the target depending on the substrate temperature indeposition.

A plurality of phases (e.g., two phases or three phases) exist in theoxide in some cases. For example, with an atomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn]that is close to 0:2:1, two phases of a spinel crystal structure and alayered crystal structure are likely to exist. In addition, with anatomic ratio [In]:[M]:[Zn] that is close to 1:0:0, two phases of abixbyite crystal structure and a layered crystal structure are likely toexist. In the case where a plurality of phases exist in the oxide, agrain boundary might be formed between different crystal structures.

In addition, the oxide containing indium in a higher proportion can havehigh carrier mobility (electron mobility). This is because in an oxidecontaining indium, the element M, and zinc, the s orbital of heavy metalmainly contributes to carrier transfer, and when the indium content inthe oxide is increased, overlaps of the s orbitals of indium atoms areincreased; therefore, an oxide having a high content of indium hashigher carrier mobility than an oxide having a low content of indium.

In contrast, when the indium content and the zinc content in an oxidebecome lower, carrier mobility becomes lower. Thus, with an atomic ratioof [In]:[M]:[Zn]=0:1:0 and the vicinity thereof (e.g., a region C inFIG. 12C), insulation performance becomes better.

Accordingly, an oxide in one embodiment of the present inventionpreferably has an atomic ratio represented by a region A in FIG. 12A.With the atomic ratio, a layered structure with high carrier mobilityand a few grain boundaries is easily obtained.

A region B in FIG. 12B represents an atomic ratio of [In]:[M]:[Zn]=4:2:3or 4:2:4.1 and the vicinity thereof. The vicinity includes an atomicratio of [In]:[M]:[Zn]=5:3:4. An oxide with an atomic ratio representedby the region B is an excellent oxide semiconductor that hasparticularly high crystallinity and high carrier mobility.

Note that conditions where a layered structure of an oxide is formed arenot uniquely determined by the atomic ratio. There is a difference inthe degree of difficulty in forming a layered structure among atomicratios. Even with the same atomic ratio, whether a layered structure isformed or not depends on a formation condition. Therefore, theillustrated regions each represent an atomic ratio with which an oxidehas a layered structure, and boundaries of the regions A to C are notclear.

Next, the case where the oxide is used for a transistor is described.

Note that when the oxide is used for a transistor, carrier scattering orthe like at a grain boundary can be reduced; thus, the transistor canhave high field-effect mobility. In addition, the transistor can havehigh reliability.

An oxide with low carrier density is preferably used for the transistor.For example, an oxide film whose carrier density is lower than8×10¹¹/cm³, preferably lower than 1×10¹¹/cm³, or further preferablylower than 1×10¹⁰/cm³, and higher than or equal to 1×10⁻⁹/cm³ is used.

A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsicoxide film has few carrier generation sources, and thus can have a lowcarrier density. A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highlypurified intrinsic oxide has a low density of defect states andaccordingly has a low density of trap states in some cases.

Additionally, a charge trapped by the trap states in the oxide requiresa long time to disappear. The trapped charge may behave like a fixedcharge. Thus, the transistor whose channel region is formed in the oxidefilm having a high density of trap states has unstable electricalcharacteristics in some cases.

In order to obtain stable electrical characteristics of the transistor,it is effective to reduce the concentration of impurities in the oxide.In order to reduce the concentration of impurities in the oxide, theconcentration of impurities in a film adjacent to the oxide ispreferably reduced. As examples of the impurities, hydrogen, nitrogen,alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, silicon, and the likeare given.

Here, the influence of impurities in the oxide is described.

When silicon or carbon that is one of Group 14 elements is contained inthe oxide, defect states are formed. Thus, the oxide is formed to have aregion where the concentration of silicon or carbon (measured bysecondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)) is controlled to be lower thanor equal to 2×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than or equal to 2×10¹⁷atoms/cm³ in the oxide or around an interface with the oxide.

When the oxide contains alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, defectstates are formed and carriers are generated, in some cases. Thus, atransistor including an oxide film which contains alkali metal oralkaline earth metal is likely to be normally on. Therefore, it ispreferable to reduce the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earthmetal in the oxide. Specifically, the concentration of alkali metal oralkaline earth metal of the oxide film, which is measured by SIMS, islower than or equal to 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than or equalto 2×10¹⁶ atoms/cm³.

When the oxide contains nitrogen, the oxide easily becomes n-type bygeneration of electrons serving as carriers and an increase of carrierdensity. Thus, when an oxide contains nitrogen, a transistor in whichthe oxide is used for a semiconductor is likely to be normally on. Forthis reason, nitrogen in the oxide is preferably reduced as much aspossible; the oxide is formed to have a region where the concentrationof nitrogen measured by SIMS is, for example, controlled to be lowerthan 5×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than or equal to 5×10¹⁸atoms/cm³, further preferably lower than or equal to 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³,still further preferably lower than or equal to 5×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³.

Hydrogen contained in an oxide reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atomto be water, and thus causes an oxygen vacancy, in some cases. Entry ofhydrogen into the oxygen vacancy generates an electron serving as acarrier in some cases. Furthermore, in some cases, bonding of part ofhydrogen to oxygen bonded to a metal atom causes generation of anelectron serving as a carrier. Thus, when an oxide contains hydrogen, atransistor including the oxide is likely to be normally on. Accordingly,it is preferable that hydrogen in the oxide be reduced as much aspossible. Specifically, the hydrogen concentration of the oxide film,which is measured by SIMS, is lower than 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³, preferablylower than 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, further preferably lower than 5×10¹⁸atoms/cm³, still further preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³.

When an oxide with sufficiently reduced impurity concentration is usedfor a channel formation region in a transistor, the transistor can havestable electrical characteristics.

Next, the case where the oxide has a two-layer structure or athree-layer structure is described. A band diagram of insulators thatare in contact with a stacked structure of an insulator S1, asemiconductor S2, and an insulator S3 and a band diagram of insulatorsthat are in contact with a stacked structure of the semiconductor S2 andthe insulator S3 are described with reference to FIGS. 14A and 14B.

FIG. 14A is an example of a band diagram of a stacked structureincluding an insulator I1, the insulator S1, the semiconductor S2, theinsulator S3, and an insulator I2 in a film thickness direction. FIG.14B is an example of a band diagram of a stacked structure including theinsulator I1, the ox S2, the insulator S3, and the insulator I2 in afilm thickness direction. Note that for easy understanding, the banddiagrams show the energy level of the conduction band minimum (Ec) ofeach of the insulator I1, the insulator S1, the semiconductor S2, theinsulator S3, and the insulator I2.

The energy level of the conduction band minimum of each of theinsulators S1 and S3 is closer to the vacuum level than that of thesemiconductor S2. Typically, a difference in energy level between theconduction band minimum of the semiconductor S2 and the conduction bandminimum of each of the insulators S1 and S3 is preferably greater thanor equal to 0.15 eV or greater than or equal to 0.5 eV, and less than orequal to 2 eV or less than or equal to 1 eV. That is, the electronaffinity of the semiconductor S2 is higher than the electron affinity ofeach of the insulators S1 and S3, and the difference between theelectron affinity of each of the insulators S1 and S3 and the electronaffinity of the semiconductor S2 is greater than or equal to 0.15 eV orgreater than or equal to 0.5 eV, and less than or equal to 2 eV or lessthan or equal to 1 eV.

As shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, the energy level of the conduction bandminimum of each of the insulator S1, the semiconductor S2, and theinsulator S3 is gradually varied. In other words, the energy level ofthe conduction band minimum is continuously varied or continuouslyconnected. In order to obtain such a band diagram, the density of defectstates in a mixed layer formed at an interface between the insulator S1and the semiconductors S2 or an interface between the semiconductor S2and the insulator S3 is preferably made low.

Specifically, when the insulator S1 and the semiconductor S2 or thesemiconductor S2 and the insulator S3 contain the same element (as amain component) in addition to oxygen, a mixed layer with a low densityof defect states can be formed.

For example, in the case where the oxide semiconductor S2 is an In-Ga—Znoxide semiconductor, it is preferable to use an In-Ga—Zn oxidesemiconductor, a Ga—Zn oxide semiconductor, gallium oxide, or the likeas each of the insulators S1 and S3.

At this time, the semiconductor S2 serves as a main carrier path. Sincethe density of defect states at the interface between the insulator S1and the semiconductor S2 and the interface between the semiconductor S2and the insulator S3 can be made low, the influence of interfacescattering on carrier conduction is small, and high on-state current canbe obtained.

When an electron is trapped in a trap state, the trapped electronbehaves like fixed charge; thus, the threshold voltage of the transistoris shifted in a positive direction. The insulators S1 and S3 can makethe trap state apart from the semiconductor S2. This structure canprevent the positive shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor.

A material whose conductivity is sufficiently lower than that of thesemiconductor S2 is used for the insulators S1 and S3. In that case, thesemiconductor S2, the interface between the semiconductor S1 and theinsulator S2, and the interface between the semiconductor S2 and theinsulator S3 mainly function as a channel region. For example, an oxidewith high insulation performance and the atomic ratio represented by theregion C in FIG. 12C may be used for each of the insulators S1 and S3.Note that the region C in FIG. 12C represents an atomic ratio of[In]:[M]:[Zn]=0:1:0 and the vicinity thereof.

In the case where an oxide with the atomic ratio represented by theregion A is used as the semiconductor S2, it is particularly preferableto use an oxide with an atomic ratio where [M]/[In] is greater than orequal to 1, preferably greater than or equal to 2 as each of theinsulators S1 and S3. In addition, it is suitable to use an oxide withsufficiently high insulation performance and an atomic ratio where[M]/([Zn]+[In]) is greater than or equal to 1 as the insulator S3.

As the substrate 400, an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate,or a conductor substrate may be used, for example. As the insulatorsubstrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate,a stabilized zirconia substrate (e.g., an yttria-stabilized zirconiasubstrate), or a resin substrate is used, for example. As thesemiconductor substrate, a semiconductor substrate of silicon,germanium, or the like, or a compound semiconductor substrate of siliconcarbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zincoxide, or gallium oxide can be used, for example. A semiconductorsubstrate in which an insulator region is provided in the abovesemiconductor substrate, e.g., a silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate orthe like is used. As the conductor substrate, a graphite substrate, ametal substrate, an alloy substrate, a conductive resin substrate, orthe like is used. A substrate including a metal nitride, a substrateincluding a metal oxide, or the like is used. An insulator substrateprovided with a conductor or a semiconductor, a semiconductor substrateprovided with a conductor or an insulator, a conductor substrateprovided with a semiconductor or an insulator, or the like is used.Alternatively, any of these substrates over which an element is providedmay be used. As the element provided over the substrate, a capacitor, aresistor, a switching element, a light-emitting element, a memoryelement, or the like is used.

Alternatively, a flexible substrate may be used as the substrate 400. Asa method for providing the transistor over a flexible substrate, thereis a method in which the transistor is formed over a non-flexiblesubstrate and then the transistor is separated and transferred to thesubstrate 400 which is a flexible substrate. In that case, a separationlayer is preferably provided between the non-flexible substrate and thetransistor. As the substrate 400, a sheet, a film, or a foil containinga fiber may be used. The substrate 400 may have elasticity. Thesubstrate 400 may have a property of returning to its original shapewhen bending or pulling is stopped. Alternatively, the substrate 400 mayhave a property of not returning to its original shape. The substrate400 has a region with a thickness of, for example, greater than or equalto 5 μm and less than or equal to 700 μm, preferably greater than orequal to 10 μm and less than or equal to 500 μm, further preferablygreater than or equal to 15 μm and less than or equal to 300 μm. Whenthe substrate 400 has a small thickness, the weight of the semiconductordevice including the transistor can be reduced. When the substrate 400has a small thickness, even in the case of using glass or the like, thesubstrate 400 may have elasticity or a property of returning to itsoriginal shape when bending or pulling is stopped. Therefore, an impactapplied to the semiconductor device over the substrate 400, which iscaused by dropping or the like, can be reduced. That is, a durablesemiconductor device can be provided.

For the substrate 400 which is a flexible substrate, metal, an alloy,resin, glass, or fiber thereof can be used, for example. The flexiblesubstrate 400 preferably has a lower coefficient of linear expansionbecause deformation due to an environment is suppressed. The flexiblesubstrate 400 is formed using, for example, a material whose coefficientof linear expansion is lower than or equal to 1×10⁻³/K, lower than orequal to 5×10⁻⁵/K, or lower than or equal to 1×10⁻⁵/K. Examples of theresin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (e.g., nylon or aramid),polyimide, polycarbonate, and acrylic. In particular, aramid ispreferably used for the flexible substrate 400 because of its lowcoefficient of linear expansion.

At least part of this embodiment can be implemented in combination withany of the other embodiments and the other examples described in thisspecification as appropriate.

Embodiment 4 <Method 1 for Manufacturing Transistor>

A method for manufacturing the transistor of the present invention inFIGS. 4A to 4C will be described below with reference to FIGS. 15A to15C, FIGS. 16A to 16C, FIGS. 17A to 17C, FIGS. 18A to 18C, FIGS. 19A to19C, FIGS. 20A to 20C, and FIGS. 21A to 21C.

First, the substrate 400 is prepared.

Next, the insulator 401 is formed, and then, an insulator to be theinsulator 301 is formed over the insulator 401. Then, a groove is formedin the insulator to be the insulator 301 so as to reach the insulator401; thus, the insulator 301 is formed. Examples of the groove include ahole and an opening. In forming the groove, wet etching may be employed;however, dry etching is preferably employed in terms ofmicrofabrication. The insulator 401 is preferably an insulator thatserves as an etching stopper film used in forming the groove by etchingthe insulator to be the insulator 301. For example, in the case where asilicon oxide film is used as the insulator to be the insulator 301 inwhich the groove is to be formed, the insulator 401 is preferably formedusing a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, or a hafnium oxidefilm.

After the formation of the groove, a conductor to be the conductors 310a and 310 b is formed. The conductor to be the conductors 310 a and 310b desirably contains a conductor that has a function of inhibitingpenetration of oxygen. For example, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride,or titanium nitride can be used. Alternatively, a stacked-layer filmformed using the conductor and tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum,aluminum, copper, or a molybdenum-tungsten alloy can be used.

Next, CMP is performed to remove the conductor to be the conductors 310a and 310 b that are located over the insulator 301. Consequently, theconductors 310 a and 310 b remain only in the groove, whereby a wiringlayer with a flat top surface can be formed.

Alternatively, the conductor to be the conductors 310 a and 310 b may beformed over the insulator 301 and processed by a lithography method orthe like to form the conductors 310 a and 310 b.

Next, the insulator 302 is formed over the insulator 301 and theconductors 310 a and 310 b. The insulator 303 is formed over theinsulator 302. It is preferable that the insulator 303 have a functionof inhibiting penetration of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen. Itis preferable to use, for example, a silicon nitride film, an aluminumoxide film, or a hafnium oxide film. The insulator 303 can be depositedby a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, anALD method, or the like.

Next, the insulator 402 is formed over the insulator 303. Next,treatment to add oxygen to the insulator 402 may be performed. An ionimplantation method, a plasma treatment method, or the like can be usedfor the treatment to add oxygen. Alternatively, heat treatment using anoxidation gas may be used. Note that oxygen added to the insulator 402is excess oxygen.

Then, an insulator 306 a is deposited over the insulator 402. Then,treatment to add oxygen to the insulator 306 a may be performed. An ionimplantation method, a plasma treatment method, or the like can be usedfor the treatment to add oxygen. Note that oxygen added to the insulator306 a is excess oxygen. Then, a semiconductor 306 b is formed over theinsulator 306 a.

Next, first heat treatment is preferably performed. The first heattreatment can be performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 250°C. and lower than or equal to 650° C., preferably higher than or equalto 450° C. and lower than or equal to 600° C., further preferably higherthan or equal to 520° C. and lower than or equal to 570° C. The firstheat treatment is performed in an inert gas atmosphere or an atmospherecontaining an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% ormore. The first heat treatment may be performed under a reducedpressure. Alternatively, the first heat treatment may be performed insuch a manner that heat treatment is performed in an inert gasatmosphere, and then another heat treatment is performed in anatmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or10% or more in order to compensate desorbed oxygen. By the first heattreatment, crystallinity of the semiconductor can be increased andimpurities such as hydrogen and moisture can be removed, for example.Alternatively, in the first heat treatment, plasma treatment usingoxygen may be performed under a reduced pressure. The plasma treatmentcontaining oxygen is preferably performed using an apparatus including apower source for generating high-density plasma using microwaves, forexample. Alternatively, a plasma power source for applying a radiofrequency (RF) to a substrate side may be provided. The use ofhigh-density plasma enables high-density oxygen radicals to be produced,and the application of the RF voltage to the substrate side allowsoxygen radicals generated by the high-density plasma to be efficientlyintroduced into the semiconductor 306 b. Alternatively, after plasmatreatment using an inert gas with the apparatus, plasma treatment usingoxygen in order to compensate released oxygen may be performed.

Then, a conductor 414 is formed over the semiconductor 306 b (see FIGS.15A to 15C).

Next, the conductor 414 is processed by a lithography method or the liketo form a conductor 415 (see FIGS. 16A to 16C).

Then, the insulator 306 a, the semiconductor 306 b, and the conductor415 are processed by a lithography method or the like to form amultilayer film including the insulator 406 a, the semiconductor 406 b,and the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2. Here, a top surface of theinsulator 306 b is damaged when the conductor 414 is formed, whereby theregion 407 is formed. Since the region 407 includes a region where theresistance of the semiconductor 306 b is reduced, the contact resistancebetween the conductor 415 and the semiconductor 306 b is reduced. Notethat when the multilayer film is formed, the insulator 402 is alsosubjected to etching to have a thinned region in some cases. That is,the insulator 402 may have a projecting portion in a region in contactwith the multilayer film (see FIGS. 17A to 17C).

Next, treatment using plasma containing oxygen is performed. By theplasma treatment containing oxygen, the side surface and top surface ofthe conductor 416 a 1 are oxidized, so that the insulator 424 a 1 isformed. In addition, the side surface and top surface of the conductor416 a 2 are oxidized, so that the insulator 424 a 2 is formed. Forexample, in the case where a conductor including tungsten and silicon isused as the conductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2, the insulator424 a 1 and the insulator 424 a 2 become silicon oxide by performing theplasma treatment containing oxygen.

For the plasma treatment containing oxygen, high-density plasma may beused. By the high-density plasma treatment containing oxygen, the sidesurface and top surface of the conductor 416 a 1 and the side surfaceand top surface of the conductor 416 a 2 are efficiently oxidized.

By performing the plasma treatment containing oxygen, oxygen radicalsare generated, and excess oxygen can be taken into regions where the topsurface and side surface of the semiconductor 406 b and the side surfaceof the insulator 406 a are exposed, i.e., a region including a channelformation region, so that oxygen vacancies on the channel formationregion can be reduced (see FIGS. 18A to 18C).

Next, the insulator 406 c is formed. Then, the insulator 412 is formedover the insulator 406 c.

Next, a conductor to be the conductor 404 is formed. Then, the conductorto be the conductor 404 is processed by a lithography method or the liketo form the conductor 404 (see FIGS. 19A to 19C).

Though an example where the insulator 412 and the insulator 406 c arenot processed is shown here, the transistor of one embodiment of thepresent invention is not limited thereto. For example, the insulator 412and the insulator 406 c may be etched in processing the conductor 404.Alternatively, the conductor to be the conductor 404 and the insulators412 and 406 c may be processed in different lithography steps.Processing in different lithography steps may facilitate formation offilms with different shapes.

Next, the insulator 410 is formed over the insulator 412 and theconductor 404. The insulator 410 may be formed to have a flat topsurface. For example, the top surface of the insulator 410 may haveflatness immediately after the film formation. Alternatively, forexample, the insulator 410 may have flatness by removing the insulatorand the like from the top surface after the film formation so that thetop surface becomes parallel to a reference surface such as a rearsurface of the substrate. Such treatment is referred to as planarizationtreatment. As the planarization treatment, for example, chemicalmechanical polishing (CMP) treatment, dry etching treatment, or the likecan be performed. However, the top surface of the insulator 410 is notnecessarily flat. Note that the insulator 410 may have a multilayerstructure. For example, an aluminum oxide film may be deposited usingplasma containing oxygen and stacked. In the case where plasmacontaining oxygen is used to form an aluminum oxide film, oxygen in theplasma can be added to the side surface of the insulator 412, the sidesurface of the insulator 406 c, the side surface of the semiconductor406 b, the side surface of the insulator 406 a, and the like as excessoxygen.

Next, the insulator 408 is deposited over the insulator 410. When theinsulator 408 is formed using aluminum oxide using plasma containingoxygen, whereby oxygen in the plasma can be added to the insulator 410and the like as excess oxygen (see FIGS. 20A to 20C).

Note that the insulator 408 may have a multilayer structure. Forexample, an aluminum oxide may be deposited by a sputtering method as afirst layer, and an aluminum oxide film may be deposited by an ALDmethod as a second layer. When the first layer is an oxide aluminumdeposited by a sputtering method, excess oxygen can be added to theinsulator 410. When the second layer is an aluminum oxide deposited byan ALD method, the excess oxygen added to the insulator 410 can beprevented from diffusion above.

Furthermore, second heat treatment may be performed at any time afterthe formation of the insulator 408. By the second heat treatment, theexcess oxygen contained in the insulator 410 and the like moves to thesemiconductor 406 b through the insulator 412, the insulator 406 c, andthe insulator 406 a. Thus, defects (oxygen vacancies) in thesemiconductor 406 b can be reduced.

Note that the second heat treatment may be performed at a temperaturesuch that excess oxygen (oxygen) in the insulator 410 and the like isdiffused to the semiconductor 406 b. For example, the description of thefirst heat treatment may be referred to for the second heat treatment.The second heat treatment is preferably performed at a temperature lowerthan that of the first heat treatment. The second heat treatment isperformed at a temperature lower than that of the first heat treatmentby higher than or equal to 0° C. and lower than or equal to 150° C.,preferably higher than or equal to 40° C. and lower than or equal to100° C. Accordingly, superfluous release of excess oxygen (oxygen) fromthe insulator 402 can be inhibited. Note that the second heat treatmentis not necessarily performed when heating during formation of the filmscan work as heat treatment comparable to the second heat treatment.

Next, with use of a lithography method, openings are formed: an openingreaching the conductor 310 b through the insulator 408, the insulator410, the insulator 412, the insulator 406 c, the insulator 402, theinsulator 303, and the insulator 302; an opening reaching the conductor416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2 through the insulator 408, theinsulator 410, the insulator 412, the insulator 406 c, and the insulator424 a 1 or 424 a 2; and an opening reaching the conductor 404 throughthe insulator 408 and the insulator 410.

As another method for formation of the opening, the following steps maybe employed. A conductor is formed over the insulator 408; an insulatoris formed over the conductor; and the conductor and the insulator areprocessed with a lithography method, so that a hard mask including theconductor and the insulator; and etching is performed with use of thehard mask as an etching mask, whereby an opening is formed. When thehard mask is used as the etching mask, the opening can be prevented fromextending laterally or deformation. Note that the hard mask may be asingle layer of the insulator or the conductor.

The openings can be formed at once by performance of a lithograph step.Alternatively, the openings may be formed separately by performance oflithography steps a plurality of times.

Next, the conductor 433, the conductor 431, the conductor 429, and theconductor 437 are embedded separately in the openings (see FIGS. 21A to21C).

Next, a conductor is formed over the insulator 408 and the conductors433, 431, 429, and 437 and processed by a lithography method or thelike, so that the conductors 434, 432, 430, and 438 are formed. Throughthe above steps, the transistor in FIGS. 4A to 4C can be formed (seeFIGS. 4A to 4C).

<Method 2 for Manufacturing Transistor>

A method for manufacturing the transistor of the present invention inFIGS. 5A to 5C will be described below with reference to FIGS. 22A to22C, FIGS. 23A to 23C, FIGS. 24A to 24C, FIGS. 25A to 25C, FIGS. 26A to26C, FIGS. 27A to 27C, FIGS. 28A to 28C, FIGS. 29A to 29C, FIGS. 30A to30C, FIGS. 31A to 31C, and FIGS. 32A to 32C. Note that the process up tothe formation of the conductor 414 is similar to that in Method 1 formanufacturing a transistor (see FIGS. 22A to 22C).

Next, the insulator 306 a, the insulator 306 b, and the conductor 414are processed by a lithography method or the like, whereby themultilayer film including the insulator 406 a, the semiconductor 406 b,and the conductor 415 is formed. Here, a top surface of the insulator306 b is damaged when the conductor 414 is formed, whereby the region407 is formed. Since the region 407 includes a region where theresistance of the semiconductor 406 b is reduced, the contact resistancebetween the conductor 415 and the semiconductor 406 b is reduced. Notethat when the multilayer film is formed, the insulator 402 is alsosubjected to etching to have a thinned region in some cases. That is,the insulator 402 may have a projecting portion in a region in contactwith the multilayer film (see FIGS. 23A to 23C).

Then, an insulator 446 is formed, and a conductor 426 is formed over theinsulator 446. The conductor 426 is formed so as to fill a step portionof a top surface of the insulator 446. Therefore, a CVD method (an MCVDmethod, in particular) is preferred. A multilayer film of a conductordeposited by an ALD method or the like and a conductor deposited by aMCVD method is preferred as the conductor 426 in some cases to increaseadhesion between the insulator 446 and the conductor 426 deposited by anMCVD method. For example, a titanium nitride film may be deposited by anALD method, and then a tungsten film may be deposited by a MCVD method.

Next, an insulator 427 is formed over the conductor 426 (see FIGS. 24Ato 24C)

Next, first CMP treatment is performed on the insulator 427 and theconductor 426 until the thickness of the conductor 426 is reduced toabout half. Slurry (a chemical solution containing abrasive grains) usedin the first CMP treatment is desirably suitable for processing of theinsulator (see FIGS. 25A to 25C).

Next, second CMP treatment is performed on the remaining conductor 426and the insulator 446 until the insulator 446 is exposed and the surfaceof the insulator 446 is flattened, whereby an insulator 409 is formed.In the second CMP treatment, it is desirable to use slurry prepared sothat polishing rate of the insulator 446 is as low as possible ascompared with that of the conductor 426. Using the slurry, the insulator446 may have a further flattened surface, which is preferable. It isfurther preferable that a CMP treatment apparatus have an endpointdetecting function which notifies that the insulator 446 is exposed inthe second CMP treatment. By the endpoint detecting function,controllability of the thickness of the insulator 446 after the secondCMP treatment may be improved, which is preferable (see FIGS. 26A to26C).

Alternatively, without forming the conductor over the insulator 446 andthe insulator over the conductor, the insulator 409 may be formed suchthat the top surface thereof is flattened by CMP treatment or the likeperformed on the conductor 446. For example, the top surface of theinsulator 446 may have flatness immediately after the film formation.However, the top surface of the insulator 446 is not necessarily flat.

Next, a resist mask 423 is formed over the insulator 409 by alithography method or the like. Here, in order to improve the adhesionbetween the top surface of the insulator 409 and the resist mask, forexample, an organic film may be provided between the top surface of theinsulator 409 and the resist mask 423. Alternatively, a single layer ofa conductor or a stacked-layer film of a conductor and an insulator maybe formed over the insulator 409 to form a hard mask by a lithographymethod (see FIGS. 27A to 27C).

Next, the insulator 409 is processed by a dry etching method until partof the insulator 402 is exposed, so that the insulator 410 is formed. Atthat time, etching of the insulator 402 is performed until a top surfaceof the insulator 303 is exposed in some cases.

Next, the conductor 415 is subjected to the processing using dry etchingor the like so as to be separated into the conductor 416 a 1 and theconductor 416 a 2.

At this time, the semiconductor 406 b has an exposed region. Here, theexposed region of the semiconductor 406 b, which is the region 407, isremoved by the above etching step of the conductor 415 in some cases(see FIGS. 28A to 28C).

When the above processing is performed by dry etching, an impurity suchas the residual components of the etching gas is attached to the exposedregion of the semiconductor 406 b in some cases. For example, when achlorine-based gas is used as an etching gas, chlorine and the like areattached in some cases. Furthermore, when a hydrocarbon-based gas isused as an etching gas, carbon, hydrogen, and the like are attached insome cases. When the substrate is exposed to air after the dry etching,the exposed region of the semiconductor 406 b, and the like corrode insome cases. Thus, plasma treatment using an oxygen gas that issuccessively performed after the dry etching is preferably performedbecause the impurity can be removed and corrosion of the exposed regionof the semiconductor 406 b and the like can be prevented.

Alternatively, the impurity may be reduced by cleaning treatment usingdiluted hydrofluoric acid or the like or cleaning treatment using ozoneor the like, for example. Note that different types of cleaningtreatment may be combined. In such a manner, the exposed region of thesemiconductor 406 b, i.e., a channel formation region has highresistance.

Meanwhile, in the region 407 where the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2and the top surface of the semiconductor 406 b overlap with each other,a value of contact resistance between the conductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2and the semiconductor 406 b is preferably decreased; thus, favorabletransistor characteristics can be obtained.

Next, treatment using plasma containing oxygen is performed. Byperforming the plasma treatment containing oxygen, the side surface ofthe conductor 416 a 1 is oxidized, so that the insulator 424 a 1 isformed. In addition, the side surface of the conductor 416 a 2 isoxidized, so that the insulator 424 a 2 is formed. For example, when aconductor including tungsten and silicon is used for each of theconductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2, the insulator 424 a 1 andthe insulator 424 a 2 are each a silicon oxide by performance of theplasma treatment containing oxygen.

For the plasma treatment containing oxygen, high-density plasma may beused. By performance of the high-density plasma treatment containingoxygen, the side surface of the conductor 416 a 1 and the side surfaceof the conductor 416 a 2 can be efficiently oxidized.

By performing the plasma treatment containing oxygen, oxygen radicalsare generated, and excess oxygen can be taken into a region where thetop surface and side surface of the semiconductor 406 b and the sidesurface of the insulator 406 a are exposed, i.e., a region including achannel formation region, so that oxygen vacancies in the channelformation region can be reduced (see FIGS. 29A to 29C).

Next, an insulator to be the insulator 406 c is formed, and an insulatorto be the insulator 412 is formed over the insulator to be the insulator406 c. The insulator to be the insulator 406 c and the insulator to bethe insulator 412 are formed to have a uniform thickness along bottomand side surfaces of an opening formed in the insulator 410 and theconductors 416 a 1 and 416 a 2. Therefore, an ALD method is preferablyused.

Next, a conductor to be the conductor 404 is formed. The conductor to bethe conductor 404 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, anMBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like. The conductor tobe the conductor 404 is formed so as to fill the opening formed in theinsulator 410 and the like. Therefore, a CVD method (an MCVD method, inparticular) is preferred. A multilayer film of a conductor deposited byan ALD method or the like and a conductor deposited by a CVD method ispreferred in some cases to increase adhesion between the insulator 410and the like and the conductor to be the conductor 404 formed by a MCVDmethod. For example, a titanium nitride film or a tantalum nitride filmmay be deposited by an ALD method, and then a tungsten film may bedeposited by a MCVD method.

Next, the conductor to be the conductor 404, the insulator to be theinsulator 412, and the insulator to be the insulator 406 c are polishedand flattened by CMP or the like from the top surface of the conductorto be the conductor 404 until the top surface of the insulator 410 isexposed, so that the conductor 404, the insulator 412, and the insulator406 c are formed. Accordingly, the conductor 404 functioning as the gateelectrode can be formed in a self-aligned manner without using alithography method. The conductor 404 functioning as the gate electrodecan be formed without considering alignment accuracy of the conductor404 functioning as the gate electrode and the conductors 416 a 1 and 416a 2 functioning as the source and drain electrodes; as a result, thearea of the semiconductor device can be reduced. Furthermore, alithography step is not necessary, and accordingly an improvement ofproductivity due to simplification of the process is expected (see FIGS.30A to 30C).

Next, the insulator 418 is formed over the insulator 410, the insulator412, and the insulator 406 c, and the insulator 408 is formed over theinsulator 418. An aluminum oxide film is preferably formed as theinsulator 408 using plasma containing oxygen, so that oxygen in theplasma can be added to the top surface of the insulator 418 as excessoxygen.

Second heat treatment may be performed at any time after the formationof the insulator to be the insulator 408. By the second heat treatment,the excess oxygen contained in the insulator 418 is moved to thesemiconductor 406 b through the insulators 410, 402, and 406 a.Furthermore, the excess oxygen contained in the insulator 418 is movedto the semiconductor 406 b through the insulator 412. Furthermore, theexcess oxygen contained in the insulator 418 is moved to thesemiconductor 406 b through the insulator 406 c. Since excess oxygen ismoved to the semiconductor 406 b by passing three paths as describedabove, defects (oxygen vacancies) in the semiconductor 406 b can bereduced.

Note that the second heat treatment may be performed at a temperaturesuch that excess oxygen (oxygen) in the insulator 418 is diffused to thesemiconductor 406 b. For example, the description of the first heattreatment may be referred to for the second heat treatment. The secondheat treatment is preferably performed at a temperature lower than thatof the first heat treatment. The second heat treatment is preferablyperformed at a temperature lower than that of the first heat treatmentby higher than or equal to 20° C. and lower than or equal to 150° C.,preferably higher than or equal to 40° C. and lower than or equal to100° C. Accordingly, superfluous release of excess oxygen (oxygen) fromthe insulator 402 can be inhibited. Note that the second heat treatmentis not necessarily performed when heating during formation of the filmscan work as heat treatment comparable to the second heat treatment.

Next, the insulator 428 is formed over the insulator 408. The insulator428 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, aPLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIGS. 31A to 31C).

Next, the opening reaching the conductor 310 b through the insulators428, 408, 418, 410, 402, 303, and 302; the openings reaching theconductor 416 a 1 and the conductor 416 a 2 through the insulators 428,408, 418, and 410; and the opening reaching the conductor 404 throughthe insulators 428, 408, and 418 are formed by a lithography method orthe like.

As another method of forming the opening, the following steps may beemployed. A conductor is formed over the insulator 428, an insulator isformed over the conductor, and the conductor and the insulator areprocessed by a lithography method, so that a hard mask including theconductor and the insulator is formed. With use of the hard mask as theetching mask, the etching step is performed, so that the opening isformed. When the hard mask is used as the etching mask, the opening canbe prevented from extending laterally or deformation. Note that the hardmask can have a single-layer structure of the insulator or theconductor.

The openings can be formed at once by performance of a lithography step.Alternatively, the openings may be formed separately by performance oflithography steps a plurality of times.

Next, the conductor 433, the conductor 431, the conductor 429, and theconductor 437 are embedded separately in the openings (see FIGS. 32A to32C).

Next, a conductor is formed over the insulator 428 and the conductors433, 431, 429, and 437 and processed by a lithography method or thelike, so that the conductors 434, 432, 430, and 438 are formed. Throughthe above steps, the transistor in FIGS. 5A to 5C can be formed (seeFIGS. 5A to 5C).

At least part of this embodiment can be implemented in combination withany of the other embodiments and the other examples described in thisspecification as appropriate.

Embodiment 5 <Memory Device 1>

An example of a semiconductor device (memory device) which includes thetransistor of one embodiment of the present invention, which can retainstored data even when not powered, and which has an unlimited number ofwrite cycles is shown in FIGS. 33A and 33B.

The semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 33A includes a transistor3200 using a first semiconductor, a transistor 3300 using a secondsemiconductor, and a capacitor 3400. Note that any of theabove-described transistors can be used as the transistor 3300.

The transistor 3300 is preferably a transistor with low off-statecurrent. For example, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor can beused as the transistor 3300. Since the off-state current of thetransistor 3300 is low, stored data can be retained for a long period ata predetermined node of the semiconductor device. In other words, powerconsumption of the semiconductor device can be reduced because refreshoperation becomes unnecessary or the frequency of refresh operation canbe extremely low.

In FIG. 33A, a first wiring 3001 is electrically connected to a sourceof the transistor 3200. A second wiring 3002 is electrically connectedto a drain of the transistor 3200. A third wiring 3003 is electricallyconnected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 3300. Afourth wiring 3004 is electrically connected to the gate of thetransistor 3300. A gate of the transistor 3200 and the other of thesource and drain of the transistor 3300 are electrically connected toone electrode of the capacitor 3400. A fifth wiring 3005 is electricallyconnected to the other electrode of the capacitor 3400.

The semiconductor device in FIG. 33A has a feature that the potential ofthe gate of the transistor 3200 can be retained, and thus enableswriting, retaining, and reading of data as follows.

Writing and holding of data will be described. First, the potential ofthe fourth wiring 3004 is set to a potential at which the transistor3300 is turned on, so that the transistor 3300 is turned on.Accordingly, the potential of the third wiring 3003 is supplied to anode FG where the gate of the transistor 3200 and the one electrode ofthe capacitor 3400 are electrically connected to each other. That is, apredetermined charge is supplied to the gate of the transistor 3200(writing). Here, one of two kinds of charges providing differentpotential levels (hereinafter referred to as a low-level charge and ahigh-level charge) is supplied. After that, the potential of the fourthwiring 3004 is set to a potential at which the transistor 3300 is off,so that the transistor 3300 is turned off. Thus, the charge is held atthe node FG (retaining).

Since the off-state current of the transistor 3300 is extremely low, thecharge of the node FG is retained for a long time.

Next, reading of data is described. An appropriate potential (a readingpotential) is supplied to the fifth wiring 3005 while a predeterminedpotential (a constant potential) is supplied to the first wiring 3001,whereby the potential of the second wiring 3002 varies depending on theamount of charge retained in the node FG. This is because in the case ofusing an n-channel transistor as the transistor 3200, an apparentthreshold voltage V_(th_H) at the time when the high-level charge isgiven to the gate of the transistor 3200 is lower than an apparentthreshold voltage V_(th_L) at the time when the low-level charge isgiven to the gate of the transistor 3200. Here, an apparent thresholdvoltage refers to the potential of the fifth wiring 3005 which is neededto make the transistor 3200 be in “on state”. Thus, the potential of thefifth wiring 3005 is set to a potential V₀ which is between V_(th_H) andV_(th_L), whereby charge supplied to the node FG can be determined. Forexample, in the case where the high-level charge is supplied to the nodeFG in writing and the potential of the fifth wiring 3005 is V₀(>V_(th_H)), the transistor 3200 is turned on. On the other hand, in thecase where the low-level charge is supplied to the node FG in writing,even when the potential of the fifth wiring 3005 is V₀ (<V_(th_L)), thetransistor 3200 remains off. Thus, the data retained in the node FG canbe read by determining the potential of the second wiring 3002.

Note that in the case where memory cells are arrayed, it is necessarythat data of a desired memory cell is read in read operation. Forexample, the fifth wiring 3005 of memory cells from which data is notread may be supplied with a potential at which the transistor 3200 isbrought into “an off state” regardless of the potential supplied to thenode FG, that is, a potential lower than V_(th_H), whereby only data ofa desired memory cell can be read. Alternatively, a configuration inwhich only data of a desired memory cell can be read by supplying apotential at which the transistor 3200 is brought into a “conductionstate” regardless of the potential supplied to the node FG, that is, apotential higher than V_(th_L) to the fifth wiring 3005 of memory cellsfrom which data is not read may be employed.

<Structure 1 of Semiconductor Device>

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device of FIG.33A. The semiconductor device shown in FIG. 34 includes the transistor3200, the transistor 3300, and the capacitor 3400. The transistor 3300and the capacitor 3400 are provided over the transistor 3200. Note thatas the transistor 3300, the transistor illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B isused, and as the capacitor 3400, the capacitor illustrated in FIG. 1 isused; however, the semiconductor device of this embodiment of thepresent invention is not limited to the above. The descriptions of theabove transistor and the capacitor are referred to as appropriate.

Specifically, in the semiconductor device in FIG. 34, the transistor3200 is a fin-type transistor. The effective channel width is increasedin the fin-type transistor 3200, whereby the on-state characteristics ofthe transistor 3200 can be improved. In addition, since contribution ofthe electric field of the gate electrode can be increased, the off-statecharacteristics of the transistor 3200 can be improved. The transistor3200 is a transistor using a semiconductor substrate 450. The transistor3200 includes a region 474 a in the semiconductor substrate 450, aregion 474 b in the semiconductor substrate 450, an insulator 462, and aconductor 454.

In the transistor 3200, the regions 474 a and 474 b have a function as asource region and a drain region. The insulator 462 has a function of agate insulator. The conductor 454 has a function of a gate electrode.Therefore, the resistance of a channel formation region can becontrolled by a potential applied to the conductor 454. In other words,conduction or non-conduction between the region 474 a and the region 474b can be controlled by the potential applied to the conductor 454.

For the semiconductor substrate 450, a single-material semiconductorsubstrate of silicon, germanium, or the like or a compound semiconductorsubstrate of silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide,indium phosphide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, or the like may be used,for example. A single crystal silicon substrate is preferably used asthe semiconductor substrate 450.

For the semiconductor substrate 450, a semiconductor substrate includingimpurities imparting n-type conductivity is used. However, asemiconductor substrate including impurities imparting p-typeconductivity may be used as the semiconductor substrate 450. In thatcase, a well including impurities imparting the n-type conductivity isprovided in a region where the transistor 3200 is formed. Alternatively,the semiconductor substrate 450 may be an i-type semiconductorsubstrate.

A top surface of the semiconductor substrate 450 preferably has a (110)plane. Then, on-state characteristics of the transistor 3200 can beimproved.

The regions 474 a and 474 b are regions including impurities impartingthe p-type conductivity. Accordingly, the transistor 3200 has astructure of a p-channel transistor.

Note that although the transistor 3200 is illustrated as a p-channeltransistor, the transistor 3200 may be an n-channel transistor.

Note that the transistor 3200 is separated from an adjacent transistorby a region 460 and the like. The region 460 is an insulating region.

The semiconductor illustrated in FIG. 34 includes an insulator 464, aninsulator 466, an insulator 468, an insulator 470, an insulator 472, aninsulator 475, the insulator 402, the insulator 410, the insulator 408,the insulator 428, an insulator 465, an insulator 467, an insulator 469,an insulator 498, a conductor 480 a, a conductor 480 b, a conductor 480c, a conductor 478 a, a conductor 478 b, a conductor 478 c, a conductor476 a, a conductor 476 b, a conductor 476 c, a conductor 479 a, aconductor 479 b, a conductor 479 c, a conductor 477 a, a conductor 477b, a conductor 477 c, a conductor 484 a, a conductor 484 b, a conductor484 c, a conductor 484 d, a conductor 483 a, a conductor 483 b, aconductor 483 c, a conductor 483 d, a conductor 483 e, a conductor 483f, a conductor 485 a, a conductor 485 b, a conductor 485 c, a conductor485 d, a conductor 487 a, a conductor 487 b, a conductor 487 c, aconductor 488 a, a conductor 488 b, a conductor 488 c, a conductor 490a, a conductor 490 b, a conductor 489 a, a conductor 489 b, a conductor491 a, a conductor 491 b, a conductor 491 c, a conductor 492 a, aconductor 492 b, a conductor 492 c, a conductor 494, a conductor 496, aninsulator 406 a, a semiconductor 406 b, and an insulator 406 c.

The insulator 464 is provided over the transistor 3200. The insulator466 is placed over the insulator 464. The insulator 468 is placed overthe insulator 466. The insulator 470 is over the insulator 468. Theinsulator 472 is over the insulator 470. The insulator 475 is over theinsulator 472. The transistor 3300 is over the insulator 475. Theinsulator 408 is over the transistor 3300. The insulator 428 is over theinsulator 408. The insulator 465 is over the insulator 428. Thecapacitor 3400 is over the insulator 465. The insulator 469 is over thecapacitor 3400.

The insulator 464 includes an opening reaching the region 474 a, anopening reaching the region 474 b, and an opening reaching the conductor454. In the corresponding openings, the conductor 480 a, the conductor480 b, and the conductor 480 c are embedded.

In addition, the insulator 466 includes an opening reaching theconductor 480 a, an opening reaching the conductor 480 b, and an openingreaching the conductor 480 c. In the corresponding openings, theconductor 478 a, the conductor 478 b, and the conductor 478 c areembedded.

The insulator 468 includes an opening reaching the conductor 478 a, anopening reaching the conductor 478 b, and an opening reaching theconductor 478 c. In the corresponding openings, the conductor 476 a, theconductor 476 b, and the conductor 476 c are embedded.

The conductor 479 a in contact with the conductor 476 a, the conductor479 b in contact with the conductor 476 b, and the conductor 479 c incontact with the conductor 476 c are over the insulator 468. Theinsulator 472 includes an opening reaching the conductor 479 a throughthe insulator 470, an opening reaching the conductor 479 b through theinsulator 470 and an opening reaching the conductor 479 c through theinsulator 470. In the corresponding openings, the conductor 477 a, theconductor 477 b, and the conductor 477 c are embedded.

Furthermore, the insulator 475 includes an opening overlapping with thechannel formation region of the transistor 3300, an opening reaching theconductor 477 a, an opening reaching the conductor 477 b, and an openingreaching the conductor 477 c. In the corresponding openings, theconductor 484 d, the conductor 484 a, the conductor 484 b, and theconductor 484 c are embedded.

The conductor 484 d may have a function as a bottom-gate electrode ofthe transistor 3300. Alternatively, for example, electricalcharacteristics such as the threshold voltage of the transistor 3300 maybe controlled by application of a constant potential to the conductor484 d. Further alternatively, for example, the conductor 484 d and thetop gate electrode of the transistor 3300 may be electrically connectedto each other. Thus, the on-state current of the transistor 3300 can beincreased. A punch-through phenomenon can be suppressed; thus, stableelectrical characteristics in the saturation region of the transistor3300 can be obtained.

In addition, the insulator 402 includes an opening reaching theconductor 484 a, an opening reaching the conductor 484 c, and an openingreaching the conductor 484 b.

The insulator 428 includes three openings reaching the conductor 484 a,the conductor 484 b, and the conductor 484 c through the insulator 408,the insulator 410, and the insulator 402, two openings reaching aconductor of one of the source and drain electrodes of the transistor3300 through the insulator 408 and the insulator 410, and an openingreaching a conductor of the gate electrode of the transistor 3300through the insulator 408 and the insulator 410. In the correspondingopenings, the conductors 483 a, 483 b, 483 c, 483 e, 483 f, and 483 dare embedded.

The conductor 485 a in contact with the conductors 483 a and 483 e, theconductor 485 b in contact with the conductor 483 b, the conductor 485 cin contact with the conductor 483 c and the conductor 483 f, and theconductor 485 d in contact with the conductor 483 d are over theinsulator 428. The insulator 465 has an opening reaching the conductor485 a, an opening reaching the conductor 485 b, and an opening reachingthe conductor 485 c. In the corresponding openings, the conductor 487 a,the conductor 487 b, and the conductor 487 c are embedded.

The conductor 488 a in contact with the conductor 487 a, the conductor488 b in contact with the conductor 487 b, and the conductor 488 c incontact with the conductor 487 c are over the insulator 465. Inaddition, the insulator 467 includes an opening reaching the conductor488 a and an opening reaching the conductor 488 b. In the correspondingopenings, the conductor 490 a and the conductor 490 b are embedded. Theconductor 488 c is in contact with the conductor 494 which is one of theelectrodes of the capacitor 3400.

The conductor 489 a in contact with the conductor 490 a and theconductor 489 b in contact with the conductor 490 b are over theinsulator 467. The insulator 469 includes an opening reaching theconductor 489 a, an opening reaching the conductor 489 b, an openingreaching the conductor 496 which is the other electrode of the capacitor3400. In the respective openings, the conductor 491 a, the conductor 491b, and the conductor 491 c are embedded.

The conductor 492 a in contact with the conductor 491 a, the conductor492 b in contact with the conductor 491 b, and the conductor 492 c incontact with the conductor 491 c are over the insulator 469.

The insulators 464, 466, 468, 470, 472, 475, 402, 410, 408, 428, 465,467, 469, and 498 may each be formed to have, for example, asingle-layer structure or a layered structure including an insulatorcontaining boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium,aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium,yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum. Inparticular, as the insulator 498, for example, an insulator formed byoxidizing the conductor 494 may be used. Furthermore, for example, theinsulator may be formed using a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide,magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide,zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, ortantalum oxide; silicon oxide; silicon nitride oxide; or siliconnitride.

The insulator that has a function of blocking oxygen and impurities suchas hydrogen is preferably included in at least one of the insulators464, 466, 468, 470, 472, 475, 402, 410, 408, 428, 465, 467, 469, and498. When an insulator that has a function of blocking oxygen andimpurities such as hydrogen is placed near the transistor 3300, theelectrical characteristics of the transistor 3300 can be stable.

An insulator with a function of blocking oxygen and impurities such ashydrogen may be formed to have a single-layer structure or astacked-layer structure including an insulator containing, for example,boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon,phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium,lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum.

Each of the conductors 480 a, 480 b, 480 c, 478 a, 478 b, 478 c, 476 a,476 b, 476 c, 479 a, 479 b, 479 c, 477 a, 477 b, 477 c, 484 a, 484 b,484 c, 484 d, 483 a, 483 b, 483 c, 483 d, 483 e, 483 f, 485 a, 485 b,485 c, 485 d, 487 a, 487 b, 487 c, 488 a, 488 b, 488 c, 490 a, 490 b,489 a, 489 b, 491 a, 491 b, 491 c, 492 a, 492 b, 492 c, 494, and 496 mayhave a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure including aconductor containing, for example, one or more kinds of boron, nitrogen,oxygen, fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chromium,manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium,molybdenum, ruthenium, silver, indium, tin, tantalum, and tungsten. Analloy or a compound of stainless steel and the like may be used, forexample, and a conductor containing aluminum, a conductor containingcopper and titanium, a conductor containing copper and manganese, aconductor containing indium, tin, and oxygen, a conductor containingtitanium and nitrogen, or the like may be used.

An oxide semiconductor is preferably used as the semiconductor 406 b.However, silicon (including strained silicon), germanium, silicongermanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide,indium phosphide, gallium nitride, an organic semiconductor, or the likecan be used in some cases.

As the insulator 406 a and the insulator 406 c, oxides containing one ormore elements other than oxygen included in the semiconductor 406 b arepreferably used. However, silicon (including strained silicon),germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide,aluminum gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, an organicsemiconductor, or the like can be used in some cases.

The source or drain of the transistor 3200 is electrically connected tothe conductor that is one of the source and drain electrodes of thetransistor 3300 through the conductors 480 a, 478 a, 476 a, 479 a, 477a, 484 a, 483 a, 485 a, and 483 e. The conductor 454 that is the gateelectrode of the transistor 3200 is electrically connected to theconductor that is the other of the source and drain electrodes of thetransistor 3300 through the conductors 480 c, 478 c, 476 c, 479 c, 477c, 484 c, 483 c, 485 c, and 483 f.

The capacitor 3400 includes the conductor 494 which is one of theelectrodes of the capacitor 3400 and electrically connected to one ofthe source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 3300through the conductor 483 f, the conductor 485 c, the conductor 487 c,and the conductor 488 c, the insulator 498, the conductor 496 which isthe other electrode of the capacitor 3400. The capacitor 3400 ispreferably formed above or below the transistor 3300 because thesemiconductor can be reduced in size.

Although an example in which the transistor 3300 is over the transistor3200 and the capacitor 3400 is over the transistor 3300 is shown in thisembodiment, one or more transistors including a semiconductor similar tothat included in the transistor 3300 may be provided over the transistor3200. The capacitor 3400 may be provided over the transistor 3200, andthe transistor 3300 may be provided over the capacitor 3400. With such astructure, the degree of integration of the semiconductor device can befurther increased (see FIG. 35).

For the structures of other components, the description of FIGS. 4A to4C and the like can be referred to as appropriate.

<Memory Device 2>

The semiconductor device in FIG. 33B is different from the semiconductordevice in FIG. 33A in that the transistor 3200 is not provided. Also inthis case, data can be written and retained in a manner similar to thatof the semiconductor device in FIG. 33A.

Reading of data in the semiconductor device in FIG. 33B is described.When the transistor 3300 is turned on, the third wiring 3003 which is ina floating state and the capacitor 3400 are electrically connected toeach other, and the charge is redistributed between the third wiring3003 and the capacitor 3400. As a result, the potential of the thirdwiring 3003 is changed. The amount of change in potential of the thirdwiring 3003 varies depending on the potential of the one of theelectrodes of the capacitor 3400 (or the charge accumulated in thecapacitor 3400).

For example, the potential of the third wiring 3003 after the chargeredistribution is (C_(B)×V_(B0)+C×V)/(C_(B)+C), where Vis the potentialof the one of the electrodes of the capacitor 3400, C is the capacitanceof the capacitor 3400, C_(B) is the capacitance component of the thirdwiring 3003, and V_(B0) is the potential of the third wiring 3003 beforethe charge redistribution. Thus, it can be found that, assuming that thememory cell is in either of two states in which the potential of the oneof the electrodes of the capacitor 3400 is V₁ and V₀ (V₁>V₀), thepotential of the third wiring 3003 in the case of retaining thepotential V₁ (=(C_(B)×V_(B0)+C×V₁)/(C_(B)+C)) is higher than thepotential of the third wiring 3003 in the case of retaining thepotential V₀ (=(C_(B)×V_(B0)+C×V₀)/(C_(B)+C)).

Then, by comparing the potential of the third wiring 3003 with apredetermined potential, data can be read.

In this case, a transistor including the first semiconductor may be usedfor a driver circuit for driving a memory cell, and a transistorincluding the second semiconductor may be stacked over the drivercircuit as the transistor 3300.

When including a transistor using an oxide semiconductor and having alow off-state current, the semiconductor device described above canretain stored data for a long time. In other words, refresh operationbecomes unnecessary or the frequency of the refresh operation can beextremely low, which leads to a sufficient reduction in powerconsumption. Moreover, stored data can be retained for a long time evenwhen power is not supplied (note that a potential is preferably fixed).

Furthermore, in the semiconductor device, high voltage is not needed forwriting data and deterioration of elements is less likely to occur.Unlike in a conventional nonvolatile memory, for example, it is notnecessary to inject and extract electrons into and from a floating gate;thus, a problem such as deterioration of an insulator is not caused.That is, the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the presentinvention does not have a limit on the number of times data can berewritten, which is a problem of a conventional nonvolatile memory, andthe reliability thereof is drastically improved. Furthermore, data iswritten depending on the state of the transistor (on or off), wherebyhigh-speed operation can be easily achieved. At least part of thisembodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments and the other examples described in this specification asappropriate.

Embodiment 6 <Structure 2 of Semiconductor Device>

In this embodiment, an example of a circuit including the transistor ofone embodiment of the present invention will be described with referenceto drawings.

<Cross-Sectional Structure>

FIGS. 36A and 36B are cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device ofone embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 36A, X1-X2 directionrepresents a channel length direction, and in FIG. 36B, Y1-Y2 directionrepresents a channel width direction. The semiconductor deviceillustrated in FIGS. 36A and 36B includes a transistor 2200 containing afirst semiconductor material in a lower portion and a transistor 2100containing a second semiconductor material in an upper portion. In FIGS.36A and 36B, an example is illustrated in which the transistorillustrated in FIGS. 4A to 4C is used as the transistor 2100 containingthe second semiconductor material.

Here, the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductormaterial are preferably materials having different band gaps. Forexample, the first semiconductor material can be a semiconductormaterial other than an oxide semiconductor (examples of such asemiconductor material include silicon (including strained silicon),germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide,aluminum gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, and anorganic semiconductor), and the second semiconductor material can be anoxide semiconductor. A transistor using a material other than an oxidesemiconductor, such as single crystal silicon, can operate at high speedeasily. In contrast, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor anddescribed in the above embodiment as an example can have excellentsubthreshold characteristics and a minute structure. Furthermore, thetransistor can operate at a high speed because of its high switchingspeed and has low leakage current because of its low off-state current.

The transistor 2200 may be either an n-channel transistor or a p-channeltransistor, and an appropriate transistor may be used in accordance witha circuit. Furthermore, the specific structure of the semiconductordevice, such as the material or the structure used for the semiconductordevice, is not necessarily limited to those described here except forthe use of the transistor of one embodiment of the present inventionwhich includes an oxide semiconductor.

FIGS. 36A and 36B illustrate a structure in which the transistor 2100 isprovided over the transistor 2200 with an insulator 2201, an insulator2207, and an insulator 2208 provided therebetween. A plurality ofwirings 2202 are provided between the transistor 2200 and the transistor2100. Furthermore, wirings and electrodes provided over and under theinsulators are electrically connected to each other through a pluralityof plugs 2203 embedded in the insulators. An insulator 2204 covering thetransistor 2100 and a wiring 2205 over the insulator 2204 are provided.

Since the two kinds of transistors are stacked, the area occupied by thecircuit can be reduced, allowing a plurality of circuits to be highlyintegrated.

Here, in the case where a silicon-based semiconductor material is usedfor the transistor 2200 provided in a lower portion, hydrogen in aninsulator provided in the vicinity of the semiconductor film of thetransistor 2200 terminates dangling bonds of silicon; accordingly, thereliability of the transistor 2200 can be improved. Meanwhile, in thecase where an oxide semiconductor is used for the transistor 2100provided in an upper portion, hydrogen in an insulator provided in thevicinity of the semiconductor film of the transistor 2100 becomes afactor of generating carriers in the oxide semiconductor; thus, thereliability of the transistor 2100 might be decreased. Therefore, in thecase where the transistor 2100 using an oxide semiconductor is providedover the transistor 2200 using a silicon-based semiconductor material,providing the insulator 2207 having a function of preventing diffusionof hydrogen between the transistors 2100 and 2200 is particularlyeffective. The insulator 2207 makes hydrogen remain in the lowerportion, thereby improving the reliability of the transistor 2200. Inaddition, since the insulator 2207 suppresses diffusion of hydrogen fromthe lower portion to the upper portion, the reliability of thetransistor 2100 can also be improved.

The insulator 2207 can be, for example, formed using aluminum oxide,aluminum oxynitride, gallium oxide, gallium oxynitride, yttrium oxide,yttrium oxynitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, oryttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ).

Furthermore, a blocking film having a function of preventing diffusionof hydrogen is preferably formed over the transistor 2100 to cover thetransistor 2100 including an oxide semiconductor film. For the blockingfilm, a material that is similar to that of the insulator 2207 can beused, and in particular, an aluminum oxide film is preferably used. Withthe aluminum oxide film, excess oxygen can be added to the insulatorunder the aluminum oxide film in the deposition, and the excess oxygenmoves to the oxide semiconductor layer of the transistor 2100 by heattreatment, which has an effect of repairing a defect in the oxidesemiconductor layer. The aluminum oxide film has a high shielding(blocking) effect of preventing transmission of both oxygen andimpurities such as hydrogen and moisture. Thus, by using the aluminumoxide film as the blocking film covering the transistor 2100, release ofoxygen from the oxide semiconductor film included in the transistor 2100can be prevented and entry of water and hydrogen into the oxidesemiconductor film can be prevented. Note that as the block film, theinsulator 2204 having a stacked-layer structure may be used, or theblock film may be provided under the insulator 2204.

Note that the transistor 2200 can be a transistor of various typeswithout being limited to a planar type transistor. For example, thetransistor 2200 can be a fin-type transistor, a tri-gate transistor, orthe like. An example of a cross-sectional view in this case is shown inFIGS. 36E and 36F. An insulator 2212 is provided over a semiconductorsubstrate 2211. The semiconductor substrate 2211 includes a projectingportion with a thin tip (also referred to as a fin). Note that aninsulator may be provided over the projecting portion. The insulatorfunctions as a mask for preventing the semiconductor substrate 2211 frombeing etched when the projecting portion is formed. The projectingportion does not necessarily have the thin tip; a projecting portionwith a cuboid-like projecting portion and a projecting portion with athick tip are permitted, for example. A gate insulator 2214 is providedover the projecting portion of the semiconductor substrate 2211, and agate electrode 2213 is provided over the gate insulator 2214. Source anddrain regions 2215 are formed in the semiconductor substrate 2211. Notethat here is shown an example in which the semiconductor substrate 2211has the projecting portion; however, the semiconductor device of oneembodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example,a semiconductor region having a projecting portion may be formed byprocessing an SOI substrate.

At least part of this embodiment can be implemented in combination withany of the other embodiments and the other examples described in thisspecification as appropriate.

Embodiment 7 [CMOS Circuit]

A circuit diagram in FIG. 36C shows a configuration of a so-called CMOScircuit in which a p-channel transistor 2200 and an n-channel transistor2100 are connected to each other in series and in which gates of themare connected to each other.

[Analog Switch]

A circuit diagram in FIG. 36D shows a configuration in which sources ofthe transistors 2100 and 2200 are connected to each other and drains ofthe transistors 2100 and 2200 are connected to each other. With such aconfiguration, the transistors can function as what is called an analogswitch. At least part of this embodiment can be implemented incombination with any of the other embodiments and the other examplesdescribed in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 8 <CPU>

A CPU including a semiconductor device such as any of theabove-described transistors or the above-described memory device isdescribed below.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a CPUincluding any of the above-described transistors as a component.

The CPU illustrated in FIG. 37 includes, over a substrate 1190, anarithmetic logic unit (ALU) 1191, an ALU controller 1192, an instructiondecoder 1193, an interrupt controller 1194, a timing controller 1195, aregister 1196, a register controller 1197, a bus interface 1198, arewritable ROM 1199, and a ROM interface 1189. A semiconductorsubstrate, an SOI substrate, a glass substrate, or the like is used asthe substrate 1190. The ROM 1199 and the ROM interface 1189 may beprovided over a separate chip. Needless to say, the CPU in FIG. 37 isjust an example in which the configuration is simplified, and an actualCPU may have a variety of configurations depending on the application.For example, the CPU may have the following configuration: a structureincluding the CPU illustrated in FIG. 37 or an arithmetic circuit isconsidered as one core; a plurality of such cores is included; and thecores operate in parallel with each other. The number of bits that theCPU can process in an internal arithmetic circuit or in a data bus canbe 8, 16, 32, or 64, for example.

An instruction that is input to the CPU through the bus interface 1198is input to the instruction decoder 1193 and decoded therein, and then,input to the ALU controller 1192, the interrupt controller 1194, theregister controller 1197, and the timing controller 1195.

The ALU controller 1192, the interrupt controller 1194, the registercontroller 1197, and the timing controller 1195 conduct various controlsin accordance with the decoded instruction. Specifically, the ALUcontroller 1192 generates signals for controlling the operation of theALU 1191. While the CPU is executing a program, the interrupt controller1194 processes an interrupt request from an external input/output deviceor a peripheral circuit depending on its priority or a mask state. Theregister controller 1197 generates an address of the register 1196, andreads/writes data from/to the register 1196 depending on the state ofthe CPU.

In the CPU illustrated in FIG. 37, a memory cell is provided in theregister 1196. For the memory cell of the register 1196, any of theabove-described transistors, the above-described memory device, or thelike can be used.

In the CPU illustrated in FIG. 37, the register controller 1197 selectsoperation of holding data in the register 1196 in accordance with aninstruction from the ALU 1191. That is, the register controller 1197selects whether data is held by a flip-flop or by a capacitor in thememory cell included in the register 1196. When data holding by theflip-flop is selected, a power supply voltage is supplied to the memorycell in the register 1196. When data holding by the capacitor isselected, the data is rewritten in the capacitor, and supply of powersupply voltage to the memory cell in the register 1196 can be stopped.

FIG. 38 is an example of a circuit diagram of a memory element that canbe used as the register 1196. A memory element 1200 includes a circuit1201 in which stored data is volatile when power supply is stopped, acircuit 1202 in which stored data is nonvolatile even when power supplyis stopped, a switch 1203, a switch 1204, a logic element 1206, acapacitor 1207, and a circuit 1220 having a selecting function. Thecircuit 1202 includes a capacitor 1208, a transistor 1209, and atransistor 1210. Note that the memory element 1200 may further includeanother element such as a diode, a resistor, or an inductor, as needed.

Here, the above-described memory device can be used as the circuit 1202.When supply of a power supply voltage to the memory element 1200 isstopped, GND (0 V) or a potential at which the transistor 1209 in thecircuit 1202 is turned off continues to be input to a gate of thetransistor 1209. For example, the gate of the transistor 1209 isgrounded through a load such as a resistor.

Shown here is an example in which the switch 1203 is a transistor 1213having one conductivity type (e.g., an n-channel transistor) and theswitch 1204 is a transistor 1214 having a conductivity type opposite tothe one conductivity type (e.g., a p-channel transistor). A firstterminal of the switch 1203 corresponds to one of a source and a drainof the transistor 1213, a second terminal of the switch 1203 correspondsto the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 1213, andconduction or non-conduction between the first terminal and the secondterminal of the switch 1203 (i.e., the on/off state of the transistor1213) is selected by a control signal RD input to a gate of thetransistor 1213. A first terminal of the switch 1204 corresponds to oneof a source and a drain of the transistor 1214, a second terminal of theswitch 1204 corresponds to the other of the source and the drain of thetransistor 1214, and conduction or non-conduction between the firstterminal and the second terminal of the switch 1204 (i.e., the on/offstate of the transistor 1214) is selected by the control signal RD inputto a gate of the transistor 1214.

One of a source and a drain of the transistor 1209 is electricallyconnected to one of a pair of electrodes of the capacitor 1208 and agate of the transistor 1210. Here, the connection portion is referred toas a node N2. One of a source and a drain of the transistor 1210 iselectrically connected to a wiring which can supply a low power supplypotential (e.g., a GND line), and the other thereof is electricallyconnected to the first terminal of the switch 1203 (the one of thesource and the drain of the transistor 1213). The second terminal of theswitch 1203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor1213) is electrically connected to the first terminal of the switch 1204(the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 1214). The secondterminal of the switch 1204 (the other of the source and the drain ofthe transistor 1214) is electrically connected to a wiring which cansupply a power supply potential VDD. The second terminal of the switch1203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 1213), thefirst terminal of the switch 1204 (the one of the source and the drainof the transistor 1214), an input terminal of the logic element 1206,and one of a pair of electrodes of the capacitor 1207 are electricallyconnected to each other. Here, the connection portion is referred to asa node N1. The other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 1207 canbe supplied with a constant potential. For example, the other of thepair of electrodes of the capacitor 1207 can be supplied with a lowpower supply potential (e.g., GND) or a high power supply potential(e.g., VDD). The other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 1207is electrically connected to the wiring which can supply a low powersupply potential (e.g., a GND line). The other of the pair of electrodesof the capacitor 1208 can be supplied with a constant potential. Forexample, the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 1208 canbe supplied with a low power supply potential (e.g., GND) or a highpower supply potential (e.g., VDD). The other of the pair of electrodesof the capacitor 1208 is electrically connected to the wiring which cansupply a low power supply potential (e.g., a GND line).

The capacitor 1207 and the capacitor 1208 are not necessarily providedas long as the parasitic capacitance of the transistor, the wiring, orthe like is actively utilized.

A control signal WE is input to the first gate (first gate electrode) ofthe transistor 1209. As for each of the switch 1203 and the switch 1204,a conduction state or a non-conduction state between the first terminaland the second terminal is selected by the control signal RD which isdifferent from the control signal WE. When the first terminal and thesecond terminal of one of the switches are in the conduction state, thefirst terminal and the second terminal of the other of the switches arein the non-conduction state.

A signal corresponding to data retained in the circuit 1201 is input tothe other of the source and the drain of the transistor 1209. FIG. 38illustrates an example in which a signal output from the circuit 1201 isinput to the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 1209.The logic value of a signal output from the second terminal of theswitch 1203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor1213) is inverted by the logic element 1206, and the inverted signal isinput to the circuit 1201 through the circuit 1220.

In the example of FIG. 38, a signal output from the second terminal ofthe switch 1203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor1213) is input to the circuit 1201 through the logic element 1206 andthe circuit 1220; however, one embodiment of the present invention isnot limited thereto. The signal output from the second terminal of theswitch 1203 (the other of the source and the drain of the transistor1213) may be input to the circuit 1201 without its logic value beinginverted. For example, in the case where the circuit 1201 includes anode in which a signal obtained by inversion of the logic value of asignal input from the input terminal is retained, the signal output fromthe second terminal of the switch 1203 (the other of the source and thedrain of the transistor 1213) can be input to the node.

In FIG. 38, the transistors included in the memory element 1200 exceptthe transistor 1209 can each be a transistor in which a channel isformed in a film formed using a semiconductor other than an oxidesemiconductor or in the substrate 1190. For example, the transistor canbe a transistor whose channel is formed in a silicon film or a siliconsubstrate. Alternatively, all the transistors in the memory element 1200may be a transistor in which a channel is formed in an oxidesemiconductor. Further alternatively, in the memory element 1200, atransistor in which a channel is formed in an oxide semiconductor can beincluded besides the transistor 1209, and a transistor in which achannel is formed in a film using a semiconductor other than an oxidesemiconductor or in the substrate 1190 can be used for the rest of thetransistors.

As the circuit 1201 in FIG. 38, for example, a flip-flop circuit can beused. As the logic element 1206, for example, an inverter or a clockedinverter can be used.

In a period during which the memory element 1200 is not supplied withthe power supply voltage, the semiconductor device of one embodiment ofthe present invention can retain data stored in the circuit 1201 by thecapacitor 1208 which is provided in the circuit 1202.

The off-state current of a transistor in which a channel is formed in anoxide semiconductor is extremely low. For example, the off-state currentof a transistor in which a channel is formed in an oxide semiconductoris significantly lower than that of a transistor in which a channel isformed in silicon having crystallinity. Thus, when the transistor isused as the transistor 1209, a signal held in the capacitor 1208 isretained for a long time also in a period during which the power supplyvoltage is not supplied to the memory element 1200. The memory element1200 can accordingly retain the stored content (data) also in a periodduring which the supply of the power supply voltage is stopped.

Since the above-described memory element performs pre-charge operationwith the switch 1203 and the switch 1204, the time required for thecircuit 1201 to retain original data again after the supply of the powersupply voltage is restarted can be shortened.

In the circuit 1202, a signal retained by the capacitor 1208 is input tothe gate of the transistor 1210. Therefore, after supply of the powersupply voltage to the memory element 1200 is restarted, the state of thetransistor 1210 (on state or the off state) is determined depending onthe signal retained by the capacitor 1208, and the signal can be readfrom the circuit 1202. Consequently, an original signal can beaccurately read even when a potential corresponding to the signalretained by the capacitor 1208 varies to some degree.

By applying the above-described memory element 1200 to a memory devicesuch as a register or a cache memory included in a processor, data inthe memory device can be prevented from being lost owing to the stop ofthe supply of the power supply voltage. Furthermore, shortly after thesupply of the power supply voltage is restarted, the storage device canbe returned to the same state as that before the power supply isstopped. Therefore, the power supply can be stopped even for a shorttime in the processor or one or more of logic circuits included in theprocessor, resulting in lower power consumption.

Although the memory element 1200 is used in a CPU, the memory element1200 can also be used in an LSI such as a digital signal processor(DSP), a custom LSI, or a programmable logic device (PLD), and a radiofrequency (RF) tag.

At least part of this embodiment can be implemented in combination withany of the other embodiments and the other examples described in thisspecification as appropriate.

Embodiment 9 <Imaging Device>

FIG. 39A is a top view illustrating an example of an imaging device 200of one embodiment of the present invention. The imaging device 200includes a pixel portion 210 and peripheral circuits for driving thepixel portion 210 (a peripheral circuit 260, a peripheral circuit 270, aperipheral circuit 280, and a peripheral circuit 290). The pixel portion210 includes a plurality of pixels 211 arranged in a matrix of p rowsand q columns (p and q are each an integer of 2 or more). The peripheralcircuit 260, the peripheral circuit 270, the peripheral circuit 280, andthe peripheral circuit 290 are each connected to a plurality of pixels211 and each have a function of supplying a signal for driving theplurality of pixels 211. In this specification and the like, in somecases, “a peripheral circuit” or “a driver circuit” indicates all of theperipheral circuits 260, 270, 280, and 290. For example, the peripheralcircuit 260 can be regarded as part of the peripheral circuit.

In addition, the imaging device 200 preferably includes a light source291. The light source 291 can emit detection light P1.

The peripheral circuit includes at least one of a logic circuit, aswitch, a buffer, an amplifier circuit, and a converter circuit. Theperipheral circuit may be provided over a substrate where the pixelportion 210 is formed. Part or the whole of the peripheral circuit maybe mounted using a semiconductor device such as an IC. Note that as theperipheral circuit, one or more of the peripheral circuits 260, 270,280, and 290 may be omitted.

As illustrated in FIG. 39B, the pixels 211 may be provided to beinclined in the pixel portion 210 included in the imaging device 200.When the pixels 211 are obliquely arranged, the distance between pixels(pitch) can be shortened in the row direction and the column direction.Accordingly, the quality of an image taken with the imaging device 200can be improved.

<Configuration Example 1 of Pixel>

The pixel 211 included in the imaging device 200 is formed with aplurality of subpixels 212, and each subpixel 212 is combined with afilter which transmits light with a specific wavelength band (colorfilter), whereby data for achieving color image display can be obtained.

FIG. 40A is a top view showing an example of the pixel 211 with which acolor image is obtained. The pixel 211 illustrated in FIG. 40A includesa subpixel 212 provided with a color filter that transmits light in ared (R) wavelength range (also referred to as a subpixel 212R), asubpixel 212 provided with a color filter that transmits light in agreen (G) wavelength range (also referred to as a subpixel 212G), and asubpixel 212 provided with a color filter that transmits light in a blue(B) wavelength range (also referred to as a subpixel 212B). The subpixel212 can function as a photosensor.

The subpixel 212 (the subpixel 212R, the subpixel 212G, and the subpixel212B) is electrically connected to a wiring 231, a wiring 247, a wiring248, a wiring 249, and a wiring 250. In addition, the subpixel 212R, thesubpixel 212G, and the subpixel 212B are connected to respective wirings253 which are independent from one another. In this specification andthe like, for example, the wiring 248, the wiring 249, and the wiring250 that are connected to the pixel 211 in the n-th row are referred toas a wiring 248[n], a wiring 249[n], and a wiring 250[n], respectively.For example, the wiring 253 connected to the pixel 211 in the m-thcolumn is referred to as a wiring 253[m]. Note that in FIG. 40A, thewirings 253 connected to the subpixel 212R, the subpixel 212G, and thesubpixel 212B in the pixel 211 in the m-th column are referred to as awiring 253[m]R, a wiring 253[m]G, and a wiring 253[m]B. The subpixels212 are electrically connected to the peripheral circuit through theabove wirings.

The imaging device 200 has a structure in which the subpixel 212 iselectrically connected to the subpixel 212 in an adjacent pixel 211which is provided with a color filter transmitting light in the samewavelength range as the subpixel 212, via a switch. FIG. 40B shows aconnection example of the subpixels 212: the subpixel 212 in the pixel211 arranged in the n-th (n is an integer greater than or equal to 1 andless than or equal to p) row and the m-th (m is an integer greater thanor equal to 1 and less than or equal to q) column and the subpixel 212in the adjacent pixel 211 arranged in an (n+1)-th row and the m-thcolumn. In FIG. 40B, the subpixel 212R arranged in the n-th row and them-th column and the subpixel 212R arranged in the (n+1)-th row and them-th column are connected to each other via a switch 201. The subpixel212G arranged in the n-th row and the m-th column and the subpixel 212Garranged in the (n+1)-th row and the m-th column are connected to eachother via a switch 202. The subpixel 212B arranged in the n-th row andthe m-th column and the subpixel 212B arranged in the (n+1)-th row andthe m-th column are connected to each other via a switch 203.

The color filter used in the subpixel 212 is not limited to red (R),green (G), and blue (B) color filters, and color filters that transmitlight of cyan (C), yellow (Y), and magenta (M) may be used. By provisionof the subpixels 212 that sense light with three different wavelengthbands in one pixel 211, a full-color image can be obtained.

The pixel 211 including the subpixel 212 provided with a color filterthat transmits yellow (Y) light may be provided, in addition to thesubpixels 212 provided with the color filters that transmits red (R),green (G), and blue (B) light. The pixel 211 including the subpixel 212provided with a color filter that transmits blue (B) light may beprovided, in addition to the subpixels 212 provided with the colorfilters that transmits cyan (C), yellow (Y), and magenta (M) light. Whenthe subpixels 212 that sense light with four different wavelength bandsare provided in one pixel 211, the reproducibility of colors of anobtained image can be increased.

For example, in FIG. 40A, in regard to the subpixel 212 sensing light ina red wavelength band, the subpixel 212 sensing light in a greenwavelength band, and the subpixel 212 sensing light in a blue wavelengthband, the pixel number ratio (or the light receiving area ratio) thereofis not necessarily 1:1:1. For example, the Bayer arrangement in whichthe pixel number ratio (the light receiving area ratio) is set atred:green:blue=1:2:1 may be employed. Alternatively, the pixel numberratio (the light receiving area ratio) of red and green to blue may be1:6:1.

Although the number of subpixels 212 provided in the pixel 211 may beone, two or more subpixels are preferably provided. For example, whentwo or more subpixels 212 sensing light in the same wavelength range areprovided, the redundancy is increased, and the reliability of theimaging device 200 can be increased.

When an infrared (IR) filter that transmits infrared light and absorbsor reflects visible light is used as the filter, the imaging device 200that senses infrared light can be provided.

Furthermore, when a neutral density (ND) filter (dark filter) is used,output saturation which occurs when a large amount of light enters aphotoelectric conversion element (light-receiving element) can beprevented. With a combination of ND filters with different dimmingcapabilities, the dynamic range of the imaging device can be increased.

Besides the above-described filter, the pixel 211 may be provided with alens. An arrangement example of the pixel 211, a filter 254, and a lens255 is described with cross-sectional views in FIGS. 41A and 41B. Withthe lens 255, the photoelectric conversion element provided in thesubpixel 212 can receive incident light efficiently. Specifically, asillustrated in FIG. 41A, light 256 enters a photoelectric conversionelement 220 through the lens 255, the filter 254 (a filter 254R, afilter 254G, and a filter 254B), a pixel circuit 230, and the like whichare provided in the pixel 211.

However, part of the light 256 indicated by arrows might be blocked bysome wirings 257 as indicated by a region surrounded with dashed-dottedlines. Thus, a preferable structure is such that the lens 255 and thefilter 254 are provided on the photoelectric conversion element 220 sideas illustrated in FIG. 41B, whereby the photoelectric conversion element220 can efficiently receive the light 256. When the light 256 enters thephotoelectric conversion element 220 from the photoelectric conversionelement 220 side, the imaging device 200 with high sensitivity can beprovided.

As the photoelectric conversion element 220 illustrated in FIGS. 41A and41B, a photoelectric conversion element in which a p-n junction or ap-i-n junction is formed may be used.

The photoelectric conversion element 220 may be formed using a substancethat has a function of absorbing a radiation and generating electriccharge. Examples of the substance that has a function of absorbing aradiation and generating electric charge include selenium, lead iodide,mercury iodide, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and a cadmium-zincalloy.

For example, when selenium is used for the photoelectric conversionelement 220, the photoelectric conversion element 220 can have anabsorption coefficient of light in a wide wavelength range, such asvisible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, X-rays, and gammarays.

One pixel 211 included in the imaging device 200 may include thesubpixel 212 with a first filter in addition to the subpixel 212illustrated in FIGS. 41A and 41B.

<Configuration Example 2 of Pixel>

An example of a pixel including a transistor using silicon and atransistor using an oxide semiconductor according to one embodiment ofthe present invention is described below.

FIGS. 42A and 42B are each a cross-sectional view of an element includedin an imaging device.

The imaging device illustrated in FIG. 42A includes a transistor 351including silicon on a silicon substrate 300, transistors 353 and 354which include an oxide semiconductor and are stacked over the transistor351, and a photodiode 360 which includes an anode 361 and a cathode 362and is provided in a silicon substrate 300. The transistors and thephotodiode 360 are electrically connected to various plugs 370 andwirings 371. In addition, an anode 361 of the photodiode 360 iselectrically connected to the plug 370 through a low-resistance region363.

The imaging device includes a layer 305 including the transistor 351provided on the silicon substrate 300 and the photodiode 360 provided inthe silicon substrate 300, a layer 320 which is in contact with thelayer 305 and includes the wirings 371, a layer 331 which is in contactwith the layer 320 and includes the transistors 353 and 354, and a layer340 which is in contact with the layer 331 and includes a wiring 372 anda wiring 373.

In the example of cross-sectional view in FIG. 42A, a light-receivingsurface of the photodiode 360 is provided on the side opposite to asurface of the silicon substrate 300 where the transistor 351 is formed.With this structure, a light path can be secured without an influence ofthe transistors and the wirings. Thus, a pixel with a high apertureratio can be formed. Note that the light-receiving surface of thephotodiode 360 can be the same as the surface where the transistor 351is formed.

When the pixel includes transistors in which silicon is used for achannel formation region, the layer 305 preferably includes thetransistor. Alternatively, the layer 305 may be omitted, and the pixelmay include only transistors using an oxide semiconductor for a channelformation region.

In addition, in the cross-sectional view in FIG. 42A, the photodiode 360in the layer 305 and the transistor in the layer 331 can be formed so asto overlap with each other. Thus, the degree of integration of pixelscan be increased. In other words, the resolution of the imaging devicecan be increased.

An imaging device illustrated in FIG. 42B includes a photodiode 365 inthe layer 340 and over the transistor. In FIG. 42B, the layer 305includes the transistor 351 and a transistor 352 using silicon for achannel formation region, the layer 320 includes the wiring 371, thelayer 331 includes the transistors 353 and 354 using an oxidesemiconductor for a channel formation region, the layer 340 includes thephotodiode 365. The photodiode 365 includes a semiconductor layer 366, asemiconductor layer 367, and a semiconductor layer 368, and iselectrically connected to the wiring 373 and a wiring 374 through theplug 370.

The element structure shown in FIG. 42B can increase the aperture ratio.

Alternatively, a PIN diode element formed using an amorphous siliconfilm, a microcrystalline silicon film, or the like may be used as thephotodiode 365. In the photodiode 365, an n-type semiconductor layer368, an i-type semiconductor layer 367, and a p-type semiconductor layer366 are stacked in this order. The i-type semiconductor layer 367 ispreferably formed using amorphous silicon. The p-type semiconductorlayer 366 and the n-type semiconductor layer 368 can each be formedusing amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, or the like whichincludes a dopant imparting the corresponding conductivity type. Thephotodiode 365 in which a photoelectric conversion layer is formed usingamorphous silicon has high sensitivity in a visible light wavelengthregion, and therefore can easily sense weak visible light.

Here, an insulator 380 is provided between the layer 305 including thetransistor 351 and the photodiode 360 and the layer 331 including thetransistors 353 and 354. However, there is no limitation on the positionof the insulator 380.

Hydrogen in an insulator provided in the vicinity of a channel formationregion of the transistor 351 terminates dangling bonds of silicon;accordingly, the reliability of the transistor 351 can be improved. Incontrast, hydrogen in the insulator provided in the vicinity of thetransistors 353 and 354 and the like becomes one of factors generating acarrier in the oxide semiconductor. Thus, the hydrogen may cause areduction of the reliability of the transistor 354, the transistor 354,and the like. Therefore, in the case where the transistor using an oxidesemiconductor is provided over the transistor using a silicon-basedsemiconductor, it is preferable that the insulator 380 having a functionof blocking hydrogen be provided between the transistors. When thehydrogen is confined below the insulator 380, the reliability of thetransistor 351 can be improved. In addition, the hydrogen can beprevented from being diffused from a part below the insulator 380 to apart above the insulator 380; thus, the reliability of the transistors353 and 354 and the like can be increased. It is preferable to form theinsulator 381 over the transistors 353 and 354 because oxygen diffusioncan be prevented in the oxide semiconductor.

At least part of this embodiment can be implemented in combination withany of the other embodiments and the other examples described in thisspecification as appropriate.

Embodiment 10 <RF Tag>

In this embodiment, an RF tag that includes the transistor described inthe above embodiments or the memory device described in the aboveembodiment is described with reference to FIG. 43.

The RF tag of this embodiment includes a memory circuit, storesnecessary data in the memory circuit, and transmits and receives datato/from the outside with use of contactless means, for example, wirelesscommunication. The RF tag with these features can be used for anindividual authentication system in which an object or the like isrecognized by reading the individual information, for example. In orderthat the RF tag is used for such application, extremely high reliabilityis needed.

A configuration of the RF tag is described with reference to FIG. 43.FIG. 43 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of an RFtag.

As shown in FIG. 43, an RF tag 800 includes an antenna 804 whichreceives a radio signal 803 that is transmitted from an antenna 802connected to a communication device 801 (also referred to as aninterrogator, a reader/writer, or the like). The RF tag 800 includes arectifier circuit 805, a constant voltage circuit 806, a demodulationcircuit 807, a modulation circuit 808, a logic circuit 809, a memorycircuit 810, and a ROM 811. A transistor having a rectifying functionincluded in the demodulation circuit 807 may be formed using a materialwhich enables a reverse current to be low enough, for example, an oxidesemiconductor. This can suppress reduction of a rectifying function dueto generation of a reverse current and prevent saturation of the outputfrom the demodulation circuit. In other words, the input to thedemodulation circuit and the output from the demodulation circuit canhave a relation closer to a linear relation. Note that data transmissionmethods are roughly classified into the following three methods: anelectromagnetic coupling method in which a pair of coils is provided soas to face each other and communicates with each other by mutualinduction, an electromagnetic induction method in which communication isperformed using an induction field, and a radio wave method in whichcommunication is performed using a radio wave. Any of these methods canbe used in the RF tag 800 described in this embodiment.

Next, the configuration of each circuit will be described. The antenna804 exchanges the radio signal 803 with the antenna 802 that isconnected to the communication device 801. The rectifier circuit 805generates an input potential by rectification, for example, half-wavevoltage doubler rectification of an input alternating signal generatedby reception of a radio signal at the antenna 804 and smoothing of therectified signal with a capacitor provided in a later stage in therectifier circuit 805. Note that a limiter circuit may be provided on aninput side or an output side of the rectifier circuit 805. The limitercircuit controls electric power so that electric power that is higherthan or equal to certain electric power is not input to a circuit in alater stage if the amplitude of the input alternating signal is high andan internal generation voltage is high.

The constant voltage circuit 806 generates a stable power supply voltagefrom an input potential and supplies it to each circuit. Note that theconstant voltage circuit 806 may include a reset signal generationcircuit. The reset signal generation circuit is a circuit that generatesa reset signal of the logic circuit 809 by utilizing rise of the stablepower supply voltage.

The demodulation circuit 807 demodulates the input alternating signal byenvelope detection and generates the demodulated signal. Further, themodulation circuit 808 performs modulation in accordance with data to beoutput from the antenna 804.

The logic circuit 809 analyzes and processes the demodulated signal. Thememory circuit 810 holds the input data and includes a row decoder, acolumn decoder, a memory region, and the like. The ROM 811 stores anidentification number (ID) or the like and outputs it in accordance withprocessing.

Note that whether each circuit described above is provided can bedetermined as appropriate as needed.

Here, the memory circuit described in the above embodiment can be usedas the memory circuit 810. Since the memory circuit of one embodiment ofthe present invention can retain data even when not powered, the memorycircuit can be favorably used for an RF tag. In addition, the memorycircuit of one embodiment of the present invention needs power (voltage)needed for data writing significantly lower than that needed in aconventional nonvolatile memory; thus, it is possible to prevent adifference between the maximum communication range in data reading andthat in data writing. Furthermore, it is possible to suppressmalfunction or incorrect writing that is caused by power shortage indata writing.

Since the memory circuit of one embodiment of the present invention canbe used as a nonvolatile memory, it can also be used as the ROM 811. Inthis case, it is preferable that a manufacturer separately prepare acommand for writing data to the ROM 811 so that a user cannot rewritedata freely. Since the manufacturer gives identification numbers beforeshipment and then starts shipment of products, instead of puttingidentification numbers to all the manufactured RF tags, puttingidentification numbers only to good products to be shipped is possible.Thus, the identification numbers of the shipped products are in seriesand customer management corresponding to the shipped products is easilyperformed.

Note that this embodiment can be combined with any of the otherembodiments and examples in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 11 <Display Device>

A display device of one embodiment of the present invention is describedbelow with reference to FIGS. 44A to 44C and FIGS. 45A and 45B.

Examples of a display element provided in the display device include aliquid crystal element (also referred to as a liquid crystal displayelement) and a light-emitting element (also referred to as alight-emitting display element). The light-emitting element includes, inits category, an element whose luminance is controlled by a current orvoltage, and specifically includes, in its category, an inorganicelectroluminescent (EL) element, an organic EL element, and the like. Adisplay device including an EL element (EL display device) and a displaydevice including a liquid crystal element (liquid crystal displaydevice) will be described below as examples of the display device.

Note that the display device described below includes in its category apanel in which a display element is sealed and a module in which an ICsuch as a controller is mounted on the panel.

The display device described below refers to an image display device ora light source (including a lighting device). The display deviceincludes any of the following modules: a module provided with aconnector such as a flexible printed circuit (FPC) or a tape carrierpackage (TCP); a module in which a printed wiring board is provided atthe end of TCP; and a module in which an integrated circuit (IC) ismounted directly on a display element by a chip on glass (COG) method.

FIGS. 44A to 44C show an example of an EL display device according toone embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 44A is a circuit diagramof a pixel in an EL display device. FIG. 44B is a top view showing thewhole of the EL display device. FIG. 44C is a cross-sectional view takenalong part of dashed-dotted line M-N in FIG. 44B.

FIG. 44A illustrates an example of a circuit diagram of a pixel used inan EL display device.

Note that in this specification and the like, it may be possible forthose skilled in the art to constitute one embodiment of the inventioneven when portions to which all the terminals of an active element(e.g., a transistor or a diode), a passive element (e.g., a capacitor ora resistor), and the like are connected are not specified. In otherwords, one embodiment of the invention is clear even when connectionportions are not specified. Further, in the case where a connectionportion is disclosed in this specification and the like, it can bedetermined that one embodiment of the invention in which a connectionportion is not specified is disclosed in this specification and thelike, in some cases. In particular, in the case where the number ofportions to which the terminal is connected may be more than one, it isnot necessary to specify the portions to which the terminal isconnected. Therefore, it may be possible to constitute one embodiment ofthe invention by specifying only portions to which some of terminals ofan active element (e.g., a transistor or a diode), a passive element(e.g., a capacitor or a resistor), and the like are connected.

Note that in this specification and the like, it may be possible forthose skilled in the art to specify the invention when at least theconnection portion of a circuit is specified. Alternatively, it may bepossible for those skilled in the art to specify the invention when atleast a function of a circuit is specified. In other words, when afunction of a circuit is specified, one embodiment of the presentinvention can be clear. Moreover, it can be determined that oneembodiment of the invention in which a function is specified isdisclosed in this specification and the like. Therefore, when aconnection portion of a circuit is specified, the circuit is disclosedas one embodiment of the invention even when a function is notspecified, and one embodiment of the invention can be constituted.Alternatively, when a function of a circuit is specified, the circuit isdisclosed as one embodiment of the invention even when a connectionportion is not specified, and one embodiment of the invention can beconstituted.

The EL display device illustrated in FIG. 44A includes a switchingelement 743, a transistor 741, a capacitor 742, and a light-emittingelement 719.

Note that FIG. 44A and the like each illustrate an example of a circuitstructure; therefore, a transistor can be provided additionally. Incontrast, for each node in FIG. 44A and the like, it is possible not toprovide an additional transistor, switch, passive element, or the like.

A gate of the transistor 741 is electrically connected to one terminalof the switching element 743 and one electrode of the capacitor 742. Asource of the transistor 741 is electrically connected to the otherelectrode of the capacitor 742 and one electrode of the light-emittingelement 719. A power supply potential VDD is supplied to a drain of thetransistor 741. The other terminal of the switching element 743 iselectrically connected to a signal line 744. A constant potential issupplied to the other electrode of the light-emitting element 719. Theconstant potential is a ground potential GND or a potential lower thanthe ground potential GND.

It is preferable to use a transistor as the switching element 743. Whenthe transistor is used as the switching element, the area of a pixel canbe reduced, so that the EL display device can have high resolution. Asthe switching element 743, a transistor formed through the same step asthe transistor 741 can be used, so that EL display devices can bemanufactured with high productivity. Note that as the transistor 741and/or the switching element 743, the transistor illustrated in FIGS. 4Aand 4B can be used, for example.

FIG. 44B is a top view of the EL display device. The EL display deviceincludes a substrate 700, a substrate 750, a sealant 734, a drivercircuit 735, a driver circuit 736, a pixel 737, and an FPC 732. Thesealant 734 is provided between the substrate 700 and the substrate 750so as to surround the pixel 737, the driver circuit 735, and the drivercircuit 736. Note that the driver circuit 735 and/or the driver circuit736 may be provided outside the sealant 734.

FIG. 44C is a cross-sectional view of the EL display device taken alongpart of dashed-dotted line M-N in FIG. 44B.

FIG. 44C shows a structure as a transistor 714, which includes thefollowing components: an insulator 712 a and a conductor 704 a over asubstrate 700; an insulator 706 a that is over the insulator 712 a andthe conductor 704 a and partly overlaps with the conductor 704 a; asemiconductor 706 b over the insulator 706 a; a conductor 716 a 1 and aconductor 716 a 2 that are in contact with a top surface of thesemiconductor 706 b; an insulator 724 a 1 covering a top surface and aside surface of the conductor 716 a 1; insulator 724 a 2 covering a topsurface and a side surface of the conductor 716 a 2; an insulator 706 cthat is over the insulator 712 a and has regions in contact with a topsurface of the insulator 724 a 1 and a top surface of the insulator 724a 2; an insulator 718 b over the insulator 706 c; an insulator 710 overthe insulator 718 b; and a conductor 714 a over the semiconductor 706 bwith the insulator 718 b and the insulator 706 c interposedtherebetween. Note that the structure of the transistor 741 is just anexample; the transistor 741 may have a structure different from thatillustrated in FIG. 44C.

In the transistor 741 illustrated in FIG. 44C, the conductor 704 aserves as a gate electrode, the insulator 712 a serves as a gateinsulator, the conductor 716 a 1 serves as a drain electrode, theconductor 716 a 2 serve as a source, the insulator 718 b serves as agate insulator, and the conductor 714 a serves as a gate electrode. Notethat in some cases, electrical characteristics of the insulator 706 a,the semiconductor 706 b, and the insulator 706 c change if light entersthe insulator 706 a, the semiconductor 706 b, and the insulator 706 c.To prevent this, it is preferable that one or more of the conductors 704a, 716 a 1, 716 a 2, and 714 a have a light-blocking property.

FIG. 44C shows a structure as the capacitor 742 including the insulator712 a over the substrate 700, the insulator 706 c over the insulator 712a, an insulator 718 over the insulator 706 c, a conductor 722 over theinsulator 718, an insulator 723 provided to cover a surface of theconductor 722, and a conductor 714 b overlapping with the conductor 722with the insulator 723 interposed therebetween.

In the capacitor 742, the conductor 722 serves as one electrode and theconductor 714 b serves as the other electrode.

Thus, the capacitor 742 can be formed using a film of the transistor741. The conductor 714 a and the conductor 714 b are preferably formedusing the same kind of conductor. In this case, the conductor 714 a andthe conductor 714 b can be formed in the same step.

The capacitor 742 illustrated in FIG. 44C has a large capacitance perarea occupied by the capacitor. Therefore, the EL display deviceillustrated in FIG. 44C has high display quality. Note that thestructure of the capacitor 742 is just an example and may be differentfrom that illustrated in FIG. 44C. For example, a structure described inEmbodiment 1 can be used.

An insulator 728 is provided over the transistor 741 and the capacitor742, and an insulator 720 is provided over the insulator 728. Here, theinsulator 728 and the insulator 720 may have an opening reaching theconductor 716 a 2 that functions as the source electrode of thetransistor 741. A conductor 781 is provided over the insulator 720. Theconductor 781 may be electrically connected to the transistor 741through the opening in the insulators 728 and 720. The conductor 781 maybe electrically connected to one of electrodes of the capacitor 742through the opening in the insulators 728 and 720.

A partition wall 784 having an opening reaching the conductor 781 isprovided over the conductor 781. A light-emitting layer 782 in contactwith the conductor 781 through the opening formed in the partition wall784 is provided over the partition wall 784. A conductor 783 is providedover the light-emitting layer 782. A region where the conductor 781, thelight-emitting layer 782, and the conductor 783 overlap with one anotherserves as the light-emitting element 719. In FIG. 44C, the FPC 732 isconnected to a wiring 733 a via a terminal 731. Note that the wiring 733a may be formed using the same kind of conductor as the conductor of thetransistor 741 or using the same kind of semiconductor as thesemiconductor of the transistor 741.

So far, examples of the EL display device are described. Next, anexample of a liquid crystal display device will be described.

FIG. 45A is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of apixel of a liquid crystal display device. A pixel shown in FIG. 45Aincludes a transistor 751, a capacitor 752, and an element (liquidcrystal element) 753 in which a space between a pair of electrodes isfilled with a liquid crystal.

One of a source and a drain of the transistor 751 is electricallyconnected to a signal line 755, and a gate of the transistor 751 iselectrically connected to a scan line 754.

One electrode of the capacitor 752 is electrically connected to theother of the source and the drain of the transistor 751, and the otherelectrode of the capacitor 752 is electrically connected to a wiring forsupplying a common potential.

One electrode of the liquid crystal element 753 is electricallyconnected to the other of the source and the drain of the transistor751, and the other electrode of the liquid crystal element 753 iselectrically connected to a wiring to which a common potential issupplied. The common potential supplied to the wiring electricallyconnected to the other electrode of the capacitor 752 may be differentfrom that supplied to the other electrode of the liquid crystal element753.

Note that the description of the liquid crystal display device is madeon the assumption that the top plan view of the liquid crystal displaydevice is similar to that of the EL display device. FIG. 45B is across-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device taken alongdashed-dotted line M-N in FIG. 44B. In FIG. 45B, the FPC 732 isconnected to the wiring 733 a via the terminal 731. Note that the wiring733 a may be formed using the same kind of conductor as the conductor ofthe transistor 751 or using the same kind of semiconductor as thesemiconductor of the transistor 751.

For the transistor 751, the description of the transistor 741 isreferred to. For the capacitor 752, the description of the capacitor 742is referred to. Note that the structure of the capacitor 752 in FIG. 45Bcorresponds to, but is not limited to, the structure of the capacitor742 in FIG. 44C.

Note that in the case where an oxide semiconductor is used as thesemiconductor of the transistor 751, the off-state current of thetransistor 751 can be extremely small. Therefore, an electric chargeheld in the capacitor 752 is unlikely to leak, so that the voltageapplied to the liquid crystal element 753 can be maintained for a longtime. Accordingly, the transistor 751 can be kept off during a period inwhich moving images with few motions or a still image are/is displayed,whereby power for the operation of the transistor 751 can be saved inthat period; accordingly a liquid crystal display device with low powerconsumption can be provided. Furthermore, the area occupied by thecapacitor 752 can be reduced; thus, a liquid crystal display device witha high aperture ratio or a high-resolution liquid crystal display devicecan be provided.

An insulator 721 and the insulator 728 are provided over the transistor751 and the capacitor 752. The insulator 721 and the insulator 728 havean opening reaching the transistor 751. A conductor 791 is provided overthe insulator 721. The conductor 791 is electrically connected to thetransistor 751 through the opening in the insulator 721 and theinsulator 728. In addition, the conductor 791 is electrically connectedto the one of the electrodes of the capacitor 752 through the insulator721 and the insulator 728.

An insulator 792 serving as an alignment film is provided over theconductor 791. A liquid crystal layer 793 is provided over the insulator792. An insulator 794 serving as an alignment film is provided over theliquid crystal layer 793. A spacer 795 is provided over the insulator794. A conductor 796 is provided over the spacer 795 and the insulator794. A substrate 797 is provided over the conductor 796.

Owing to the above-described structure, a display device including acapacitor occupying a small area, a display device with high displayquality, or a high-resolution display device can be provided. Ahigh-resolution display device can be provided.

For example, in this specification and the like, a display element, adisplay device which is a device including a display element, alight-emitting element, and a light-emitting device which is a deviceincluding a light-emitting element can employ various modes or caninclude various elements. The display element, the display device, thelight-emitting element, or the light-emitting device includes, forexample, at least one of an electroluminescence (EL) element (e.g., anEL element including organic and inorganic materials, an organic ELelement, or an inorganic EL element), an LED (e.g., a white LED, a redLED, a green LED, or a blue LED), a transistor (a transistor that emitslight depending on current), an electron emitter, a liquid crystalelement, electronic ink, an electrophoretic element, a grating lightvalve (GLV), a plasma display panel (PDP), a display element using microelectro mechanical systems (MEMS), a digital micromirror device (DMD), adigital micro shutter (DMS), an interferometric modulator (IMOD)element, a MEMS shutter display element, an optical-interference-typeMEMS display element, an electrowetting element, a piezoelectric ceramicdisplay, and a display element including a carbon nanotube. In additionto the above, a display medium whose contrast, luminance, reflectivity,transmittance, or the like changes by electrical or magnetic action maybe included.

Note that examples of display devices having EL elements include an ELdisplay. Examples of a display device including an electron emitterinclude a field emission display (FED), an SED-type flat panel display(SED: surface-conduction electron-emitter display), and the like.Examples of display devices including liquid crystal elements include aliquid crystal display (e.g., a transmissive liquid crystal display, atransflective liquid crystal display, a reflective liquid crystaldisplay, a direct-view liquid crystal display, or a projection liquidcrystal display). Examples of a display device having electronic ink oran electrophoretic element include electronic paper. In the case of atransflective liquid crystal display or a reflective liquid crystaldisplay, some of or all of pixel electrodes function as reflectiveelectrodes. For example, some or all of pixel electrodes are formed tocontain aluminum, silver, or the like. In such a case, a memory circuitsuch as an SRAM can be provided under the reflective electrodes. Thus,the power consumption can be further reduced.

Note that in the case of using an LED, graphene or graphite may beprovided under an electrode or a nitride semiconductor of the LED.Graphene or graphite may be a multilayer film in which a plurality oflayers are stacked. As described above, provision of graphene orgraphite enables easy formation of a nitride semiconductor thereover,such as an n-type GaN semiconductor including crystals. Furthermore, ap-type GaN semiconductor including crystals or the like can be providedthereover, and thus the LED can be formed. Note that an AlN layer may beprovided between the n-type GaN semiconductor including crystals andgraphene or graphite. The GaN semiconductors included in the LED may beformed by MOCVD. Note that when the graphene is provided, the GaNsemiconductor included in the LED can also be formed by a sputteringmethod.

Note that this embodiment can be combined with any of the otherembodiments and examples in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 12 <Single Power Supply Circuit>

In this embodiment, examples of semiconductor devices including aplurality of circuits including the transistors including oxidesemiconductor (OS transistors) described in the above embodiment aredescribed with reference to FIGS. 46A to 46E, FIGS. 47A and 47B, FIGS.48A and 18B, FIGS. 49A to 49C, FIGS. 50A and 50B, FIGS. 51A to 51C,FIGS. 52A and 52B, FIG. 53, and FIGS. 54A and 54B.

FIG. 46A is a block diagram of a semiconductor device 900. Thesemiconductor device 900 includes a power supply circuit 901, a circuit902, a voltage generation circuit 903, a circuit 904, a voltagegeneration circuit 905, and a circuit 906.

The power supply circuit 901 is a circuit that generates a voltageV_(ORG) used as a reference. The voltage V_(ORG) is not necessarily onevoltage and can be a plurality of voltages. The voltage V_(ORG) can begenerated on the basis of a voltage V₀ supplied from the outside of thesemiconductor device 900. The semiconductor device 900 can generate thevoltage V_(ORG) on the basis of one power supply voltage supplied fromthe outside. Therefore, the semiconductor device 900 can operate withoutsupply of a plurality of power supply voltages from the outside.

The circuits 902, 904, and 906 operate with different power supplyvoltages. For example, the power supply voltage of the circuit 902 is avoltage applied on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) and the voltageV_(SS) (V_(ORG)>V_(SS)). For example, the power supply voltage of thecircuit 904 is a voltage applied on the basis of a voltage V_(POG) andthe voltage V_(SS) (V_(POG)>V_(ORG)). For example, the power supplyvoltages of the circuit 906 are voltages applied on the basis of thevoltage V_(ORG), the voltage V_(SS), and a voltage V_(NEG)(V_(ORG)>V_(SS)>V_(NEG)). When the voltage V_(SS) is equal to a groundpotential (GND), the kinds of voltages generated in the power supplycircuit 901 can be reduced.

The voltage generation circuit 903 is a circuit that generates thevoltage V_(POG). The voltage generation circuit 903 can generate thevoltage V_(POG) on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) supplied from thepower supply circuit 901. Therefore, the semiconductor device 900including the circuit 904 can operate with one power supply voltagesupplied from the outside.

The voltage generation circuit 905 is a circuit that generates thevoltage V_(NEG). The voltage generation circuit 905 can generate thevoltage V_(NEG) on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) supplied from thepower supply circuit 901. Therefore, the semiconductor device 900including the circuit 906 can operate with one power supply voltagesupplied from the outside.

FIG. 46B illustrates an example of the circuit 904 that operates withthe voltage V_(POG) and FIG. 46C illustrates an example of a waveform ofa signal for operating the circuit 904.

FIG. 46B illustrates a transistor 911. A signal supplied to a gate ofthe transistor 911 is generated on the basis of, for example, thevoltage V_(POG) and the voltage V_(SS). The signal is generated on thebasis of the voltage V_(POG) at a time when the transistor 911 is turnedon and on the basis of the voltage V_(SS) at a time when the transistor911 is turned off. As shown in FIG. 46C, the voltage V_(POG) is higherthan the voltage V_(ORG). Thus, conduction state between a source (S)and a drain (D) of the transistor 911 can be obtained more surely. As aresult, the frequency of malfunction of the circuit 904 can be reduced.

FIG. 46D illustrates an example of the circuit 906 that operates withthe voltage V_(NEG) and FIG. 46E illustrates an example of a waveform ofa signal for operating the circuit 906.

FIG. 46D illustrates a transistor 912 having a back gate. A signalsupplied to a gate of the transistor 912 is generated on the basis of,for example, the voltage V_(ORG) and the voltage V_(SS). The signal isgenerated on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) at a time when thetransistor 912 is turned on and on the basis of the voltage V_(SS) at atime when the transistor 912 is turned off. A signal supplied to theback gate of the transistor 912 is generated on the basis of the voltageV_(NEG). As shown in FIG. 46E, the voltage V_(NEG) is lower than thevoltage V_(SS) (GND). Therefore, the threshold voltage of the transistor912 can be controlled to shift in the positive direction. Thus, thetransistor 912 can be surely turned off and a current flowing between asource (S) and a drain (D) can be reduced. As a result, the frequency ofmalfunction of the circuit 906 can be reduced and power consumptionthereof can be reduced.

The voltage V_(NEG) may be directly supplied to the back gate of thetransistor 912. Alternatively, a signal supplied to the gate of thetransistor 912 may be generated on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) andthe voltage V_(NEG) and the generated signal may be supplied to the backgate of the transistor 912.

FIGS. 47A and 47B illustrate a modification example of FIGS. 46D and46E.

In a circuit diagram illustrated in FIG. 47A, a transistor 922 whoseconduction state can be controlled by a control circuit 921 is providedbetween the voltage generation circuit 905 and the circuit 906. Thetransistor 922 is an n-channel OS transistor. The control signal S_(BG)output from the control circuit 921 is a signal for controllingconduction state of the transistor 922. Transistors 912A and 912Bincluded in the circuit 906 are OS transistors like the transistor 922.

A timing chart in FIG. 47B shows changes in a potential of the controlsignal S_(BG) and a potential of a node N_(BG). The potential of thenode N_(BG) indicates the states of potentials of back gates of thetransistors 912A and 912B. When the control signal S_(BG) is at a highlevel, the transistor 922 is turned on and the voltage of the nodeN_(BG) becomes the voltage V_(NEG). Then, when the control signal S_(BG)is at a low level, the node N_(BG) is brought into an electricallyfloating state. Since the transistor 922 is an OS transistor, itsoff-state current is low. Accordingly, even when the node N_(BG) is inan electrically floating state, the voltage V_(NEG) which has beensupplied can be held.

FIG. 48A illustrates an example of a circuit structure applicable to theabove-described voltage generation circuit 903. The voltage generationcircuit 903 illustrated in FIG. 48A is a five-stage charge pumpincluding diodes D1 to D5, capacitors C1 to C5, and an inverter INV. Aclock signal CLK is supplied to the capacitors C1 to C5 directly orthrough the inverter INV. When a power supply voltage of the inverterINV is a voltage applied on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) and thevoltage V_(SS), the voltage V_(POG) can be obtained by increasing thevoltage V_(ORG) by a voltage five times a potential difference betweenthe voltage V_(ORG) and the voltage V_(SS) with the application of theclock signal CLK. Note that a forward voltage of the diodes D1 to D5 is0 V. A desired voltage V_(POG) can be obtained when the number of stagesof the charge pump is changed.

FIG. 48B illustrates an example of a circuit structure applicable to theabove-described voltage generation circuit 905. The voltage generationcircuit 905 illustrated in FIG. 48B is a four-stage charge pumpincluding the diodes D1 to D5, the capacitors C1 to C5, and the inverterINV. A clock signal CLK is supplied to the capacitors C1 to C5 directlyor through the inverter INV. When a power supply voltage of the inverterINV is a voltage applied on the basis of the voltage V_(ORG) and thevoltage V_(SS), the voltage V_(NEG) can be obtained by decreasing theground voltage, i.e., the voltage V_(SS) by a voltage four times thepotential difference between the voltage V_(ORG) and the voltage V_(SS)with the application of the clock signal CLK. Note that a forwardvoltage of the diodes D1 to D5 is 0 V. A desired voltage V_(NEG) can beobtained when the number of stages of the charge pump is changed.

The circuit configuration of the voltage generation circuit 903 is notlimited to the configuration of the circuit diagram illustrated in FIG.48A. Modification examples of the voltage generation circuit 903 areshown in FIGS. 49A to 49C and FIGS. 50A and 50B.

A voltage generation circuit 903A illustrated in FIG. 49A includestransistors M1 to M10, capacitors C11 to C14, and an inverter INV1. Theclock signal CLK is supplied to gates of the transistors M1 to M10directly or through the inverter INV1. The voltage V_(POG) can beobtained by increasing the voltage V_(ORG) by a voltage four times thepotential difference between the voltage V_(ORG) and the voltage V_(SS)with the application of the clock signal CLK. A desired voltage V_(POG)can be obtained when the number of stages is changed. In the voltagegeneration circuit 903A in FIG. 49A, off-state current of each of thetransistors M1 to M10 can be low when the transistors M1 to M10 are OStransistors, and leakage of charge held in the capacitors C11 to C14 canbe suppressed. Accordingly, raising from the voltage V_(ORG) to thevoltage V_(POG) can be efficiently performed.

The voltage generation circuit 903B illustrated in FIG. 49B includestransistors M11 to M14, capacitors C15 and C16, and an inverter INV2.The clock signal CLK is supplied to gates of the transistors M11 to M14directly or through the inverter INV2. The voltage V_(POG) can beobtained by increasing the voltage V_(ORG) by a voltage twice thepotential difference between the voltage V_(ORG) and the voltage V_(SS)with the application of the clock signal CLK. In the voltage generationcircuit 903B in FIG. 49B, off-state current of each of the transistorsM11 to M14 can be small when the transistors M11 to M14 are OStransistors, and leakage of charge held in the capacitors C15 and C16can be suppressed. Accordingly, raising from the voltage V_(ORG) to thevoltage V_(POG) can be efficiently performed.

The voltage generation circuit 903C in FIG. 49C includes an inductorIn1, a transistor M15, a diode D6, and a capacitor C17. The conductionstate of the transistor M15 is controlled by a control signal EN. Owingto the control signal EN, the voltage V_(POG) which is obtained byincreasing the voltage V_(ORG) can be obtained. Since the voltagegeneration circuit 903C in FIG. 49C increases the voltage using theinductor In1, the voltage can be increased efficiently.

A voltage generation circuit 903D illustrated in FIG. 50A has aconfiguration in which the diodes D1 to D5 of the voltage generationcircuit 903 illustrated in FIG. 48A are replaced by diode-connectedtransistors M16 to M20. In the voltage generation circuit 903D in FIG.50A, when OS transistors are used as the transistors M16 to M20, theoff-state current can be reduced, so that leakage of charge held in thecapacitors C1 to C5 can be inhibited. Accordingly, raising from thevoltage V_(ORG) to the voltage V_(POG) can be efficiently performed.

A voltage generation circuit 903E in FIG. 50B has a configuration inwhich the transistors M16 to M20 of the voltage generation circuit 903Din FIG. 50A are replaced with transistor M21 to M25 having back gates.In the voltage generation circuit 903E illustrated in FIG. 50B, the backgates can be supplied with the same voltages as the respective gates;thus, the amount of current flowing in the transistor can be increased.Accordingly, raising from the voltage V_(ORG) to the voltage V_(POG) canbe efficiently performed.

Note that a modification example of the voltage generation circuit 903can be applied to the voltage generation circuit 905 illustrated in FIG.48B. The configurations of a circuit diagram in this case areillustrated in FIGS. 51A to 51C and FIGS. 52A and 52B. In a voltagegeneration circuit 905A illustrated in FIG. 51A, the voltage V_(NEG),which has been reduced from the voltage V_(SS) to a negative voltagehaving a negatively tripled value of the voltage V_(ORG) by applicationof the clock signal CLK, can be obtained. When a voltage generationcircuit 905B illustrated in FIG. 51B is supplied with the clock signalCLK, the voltage V_(NEG), which has been reduced from the voltage V_(SS)to a negative voltage having a negatively doubled value of the voltageV_(ORG), can be obtained.

The voltage generation circuits 905A to 905E in FIGS. 51A to 51C andFIGS. 52A and 52B have configurations in which the voltage applied toeach wiring or the arrangement of the elements are changed in thevoltage generation circuits 903A to 903E in FIGS. 49A to 49C and FIGS.50A and 50B. In the voltage generation circuits 905A to 905E in FIGS.51A to 51C and FIGS. 52A and 52B, as in the voltage generation circuits903A to 903E, efficient voltage decrease from the voltage V_(SS) to thevoltage V_(NEG) is possible.

As described above, in any of the structures of this embodiment, avoltage required for circuits included in a semiconductor device can beinternally generated. Thus, in the semiconductor device, the kinds ofpower supply voltages supplied from the outside can be reduced.

Note that this embodiment can be combined with any of the otherembodiments and examples in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 13

In this embodiment, a display module using a semiconductor device of oneembodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIG.53.

<Display Module>

In a display module 6000 in FIG. 53, a touch panel 6004 connected to anFPC 6003, a display panel 6006 connected to an FPC 6005, a backlightunit 6007, a frame 6009, a printed circuit board 6010, and a battery6011 are provided between an upper cover 6001 and a lower cover 6002.Note that the backlight unit 6007, the battery 6011, the touch panel6004, and the like are not provided in some cases.

The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention canbe used for the display panel 6006, an integrated circuit mounted on aprinted circuit board, or the like.

The shapes and sizes of the upper cover 6001 and the lower cover 6002can be changed as appropriate in accordance with the sizes of the touchpanel 6004 and the display panel 6006.

The touch panel 6004 can be a resistive touch panel or a capacitivetouch panel and may be formed to overlap with the display panel 6006. Acounter substrate (sealing substrate) of the display panel 6006 can havea touch panel function. A photosensor may be provided in each pixel ofthe display panel 6006 so that an optical touch panel function is added.An electrode for a touch sensor may be provided in each pixel of thedisplay panel 6006 so that a capacitive touch panel function is added.

The backlight unit 6007 includes a light source 6008. The light source6008 may be provided at an end portion of the backlight unit 6007 and alight diffusing plate may be used.

The frame 6009 protects the display panel 6006 and also functions as anelectromagnetic shield for blocking electromagnetic waves generated fromthe printed circuit board 6010. The frame 6009 may function as aradiator plate.

The printed circuit board 6010 has a power supply circuit and a signalprocessing circuit for outputting a video signal and a clock signal. Asa power source for supplying power to the power supply circuit, anexternal commercial power source or the battery 6011 provided separatelymay be used. Note that the battery 6011 is not necessary in the casewhere a commercial power source is used.

The display module 6000 can be additionally provided with a member suchas a polarizing plate, a retardation plate, or a prism sheet.

Note that this embodiment can be combined with any of the otherembodiments and examples in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 14 <Package Using a Lead Frame Interposer>

FIG. 54A is a perspective view illustrating a cross-sectional structureof a package using a lead frame interposer. In the package illustratedin FIG. 54A, a chip 551 corresponding to the semiconductor device of oneembodiment of the present invention is connected to a terminal 552 overan interposer 550 by wire bonding. The terminal 552 is placed on asurface of the interposer 550 on which the chip 551 is mounted. The chip551 may be sealed by a mold resin 553, in which case the chip 551 issealed such that part of each of the terminals 552 is exposed.

FIG. 54B illustrates the structure of a module of an electronic device(mobile phone) in which a package is mounted on a circuit board. In themodule of the mobile phone in FIG. 54B, a package 602 and a battery 604are mounted on a printed wiring board 601. The printed wiring board 601is mounted on a panel 600 including a display element by an FPC 603.

Note that this embodiment can be combined with any of the otherembodiments and examples in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 15

In this embodiment, electronic devices and lighting devices of oneembodiment of the present invention will be described with reference todrawings.

<Electronic Device>

Electronic devices and lighting devices can be fabricated using thesemiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. Inaddition, highly reliable electronic devices and lighting devices can befabricated using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of thepresent invention. Furthermore, electronic devices and lighting devicesincluding touch sensors with improved detection sensitivity can befabricated using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of thepresent invention.

Examples of electronic devices are a television set (also referred to asa television or a television receiver), a monitor of a computer or thelike, a camera such as a digital camera or a digital video camera, adigital photo frame, a mobile phone (also referred to as a cellularphone or a mobile phone device), a portable game console, a portableinformation terminal, an audio reproducing device, a large-sized gamemachine such as a pachinko machine, and the like.

In the case of having flexibility, the electronic device or lightingdevice of one embodiment of the present invention can be incorporatedalong a curved inside/outside wall surface of a house or a building or acurved interior/exterior surface of a car.

Furthermore, the electronic device of one embodiment of the presentinvention may include a secondary battery. It is preferable that thesecondary battery be capable of being charged by non-contact powertransmission.

Examples of the secondary battery include a lithium ion secondarybattery such as a lithium polymer battery using a gel electrolyte(lithium ion polymer battery), a nickel-hydride battery, anickel-cadmium battery, an organic radical battery, a lead-acid battery,an air secondary battery, a nickel-zinc battery, and a silver-zincbattery.

The electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention mayinclude an antenna. When a signal is received by the antenna, theelectronic device can display an image, data, or the like on a displayportion. When the electronic device includes a secondary battery, theantenna may be used for non-contact power transmission.

FIG. 55A illustrates a portable game machine including a housing 7101, ahousing 7102, a display portion 7103, a display portion 7104, amicrophone 7105, speakers 7106, an operation key 7107, a stylus 7108,and the like. The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the presentinvention can be used for an integrated circuit, a CPU, or the likeincorporated in the housing 7101. When the display device according toone embodiment of the present invention is used as the display portion7103 or 7104, it is possible to provide a user-friendly portable gamemachine with quality that hardly deteriorates. Although the portablegame machine illustrated in FIG. 55A includes two display portions, thedisplay portion 7103 and the display portion 7104, the number of displayportions included in the portable game machine is not limited to two.

FIG. 55B illustrates a smart watch, which includes a housing 7302,display portions 7304, 7305, and 7306, operation buttons 7311 and 7312,a connection terminal 7313, a band 7321, a clasp 7322, and the like. Thesemiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can beused for a memory, a CPU, or the like incorporated in the housing 7302.

FIG. 55C illustrates a portable information terminal, which includes adisplay portion 7502 incorporated in a housing 7501, operation buttons7503, an external connection port 7504, a speaker 7505, a microphone7506, a display portion 7502, and the like. The semiconductor device ofone embodiment of the present invention can be used for a mobile memory,a CPU, or the like incorporated in the housing 7501. Note that thedisplay portion 7502 is small- or medium-sized but can perform full highvision, 4K, or 8K display because it has greatly high definition;therefore, a significantly clear image can be obtained.

FIG. 55D illustrates a video camera including a first housing 7701, asecond housing 7702, a display portion 7703, operation keys 7704, a lens7705, a joint 7706, and the like. The operation keys 7704 and the lens7705 are provided for the first housing 7701, and the display portion7703 is provided for the second housing 7702. The first housing 7701 andthe second housing 7702 are connected to each other with the joint 7706,and the angle between the first housing 7701 and the second housing 7702can be changed with the joint 7706. Images displayed on the displayportion 7703 may be switched in accordance with the angle at the joint7706 between the first housing 7701 and the second housing 7702. Theimaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used ina portion corresponding to a focus of the lens 7705. The semiconductordevice of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for anintegrated circuit, a CPU, or the like incorporated in the first housing7701.

FIG. 55E illustrates a digital signage, which includes a display portion7922 provided on a utility pole 7921. The display device of oneembodiment of the present invention can be used for a control circuit ofthe display portion 7922.

FIG. 56A illustrates a notebook personal computer, which includes ahousing 8121, a display portion 8122, a keyboard 8123, a pointing device8124, and the like. The semiconductor device of one embodiment of thepresent invention can be used for a CPU, a memory, or the likeincorporated in the housing 8121. Note that the display portion 8122 issmall- or medium-sized but can perform 8 k display because it hasgreatly high resolution; therefore, a significantly clear image can beobtained.

FIG. 56B is an external view of an automobile 9700. FIG. 56C illustratesa driver's seat of the automobile 9700. The automobile 9700 includes acar body 9701, wheels 9702, a dashboard 9703, lights 9704, and the like.The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention canbe used in a display portion and a control integrated circuit of theautomobile 9700. For example, the semiconductor device of one embodimentof the present invention can be used in display portions 9710 to 9715illustrated in FIG. 56C.

The display portion 9710 and the display portion 9711 are displaydevices or input/output devices provided in an automobile windshield.The display device or input/output device of one embodiment of thepresent invention can be a see-through display device or input/outputdevice, through which the opposite side can be seen, by using alight-transmitting conductive material for its electrodes. Such asee-through display device or input/output device does not hinderdriver's vision during the driving of the automobile 9700. Therefore,the display device or input/output device of one embodiment of thepresent invention can be provided in the windshield of the automobile9700. Note that in the case where a transistor or the like for drivingthe display device or input/output device is provided in the displaydevice or input/output device, a transistor having light-transmittingproperties, such as an organic transistor using an organic semiconductormaterial or a transistor using an oxide semiconductor, is preferablyused.

The display portion 9712 is a display device provided on a pillarportion. For example, the display portion 9712 can compensate for theview hindered by the pillar portion by showing an image taken by animaging unit provided on the car body. The display portion 9713 is adisplay device provided on the dashboard. For example, the displayportion 9713 can compensate for the view hindered by the dashboardportion by showing an image taken by an imaging unit provided on the carbody. That is, showing an image taken by an imaging unit provided on theoutside of the car body leads to elimination of blind areas andenhancement of safety. In addition, showing an image so as to compensatefor the area which a driver cannot see makes it possible for the driverto confirm safety easily and comfortably.

FIG. 56D illustrates the inside of a car in which bench seats are usedfor a driver seat and a front passenger seat. A display portion 9721 isa display device or input/output device provided in a door portion. Forexample, the display portion 9721 can compensate for the view hinderedby the door portion by showing an image taken by an imaging unitprovided on the car body. A display portion 9722 is a display deviceprovided in a steering wheel. A display portion 9723 is a display deviceprovided in the middle of a seating face of the bench seat. Note thatthe display device can be used as a seat heater by providing the displaydevice on the seating face or backrest and by using heat generation ofthe display device as a heat source.

The display portion 9714, the display portion 9715, and the displayportion 9722 can display a variety of kinds of information such asnavigation data, a speedometer, a tachometer, a mileage, a fuel meter, agearshift indicator, and air-condition setting. The content, layout, orthe like of the display on the display portions can be changed freely bya user as appropriate. The information listed above can also bedisplayed on the display portions 9710 to 9713, 9721, and 9723. Thedisplay portions 9710 to 9715 and 9721 to 9723 can also be used aslighting devices. The display portions 9710 to 9715 and 9721 to 9723 canalso be used as heating devices.

FIG. 57A illustrates an external view of a camera 8000. The camera 8000includes a housing 8001, a display portion 8002, an operation button8003, a shutter button 8004, a connection portion 8005, and the like. Alens 8006 can be put on the camera 8000.

The connection portion 8005 includes an electrode to connect a finder8100, which is described below, a stroboscope, or the like.

Although the lens 8006 of the camera 8000 here is detachable from thehousing 8001 for replacement, the lens 8006 may be included in thehousing 8001.

Images can be taken at the press of the shutter button 8004. Inaddition, images can be taken at the touch of the display portion 8002which serves as a touch panel.

The display device or input/output device of one embodiment of thepresent invention can be used in the display portion 8002.

FIG. 57B shows the camera 8000 with the finder 8100 connected.

The finder 8100 includes a housing 8101, a display portion 8102, abutton 8103, and the like.

The housing 8101 includes a connection portion for engagement with theconnection portion 8005 of the camera 8000 so that the finder 8100 canbe connected to the camera 8000. The connection portion includes anelectrode, and an image or the like received from the camera 8000through the electrode can be displayed on the display portion 8102.

The button 8103 functions as a power supply button. With the button8103, the display portion 8102 can be turned on and off.

The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention canbe used for an integrated circuit and an image sensor included in thehousing 8101.

Although the camera 8000 and the finder 8100 are separate and detachableelectronic devices in FIGS. 57A and 57B, the housing 8001 of the camera8000 may include a finder having the display device or input/outputdevice of one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 57C illustrates an external view of a head-mounted display 8200.

The head-mounted display 8200 includes a mounting portion 8201, a lens8202, a main body 8203, a display portion 8204, a cable 8205, and thelike. The mounting portion 8201 includes a battery 8206.

Power is supplied from the battery 8206 to the main body 8203 throughthe cable 8205. The main body 8203 includes a wireless receiver or thelike to receive video data, such as image data, and display it on thedisplay portion 8204. The movement of the eyeball and the eyelid of auser is captured by a camera in the main body 8203 and then coordinatesof the points the user looks at are calculated using the captured datato utilize the eye of the user as an input means.

The mounting portion 8201 may include a plurality of electrodes so as tobe in contact with the user. The main body 8203 may be configured tosense current flowing through the electrodes with the movement of theuser's eyeball to recognize the direction of his or her eyes. The mainbody 8203 may be configured to sense current flowing through theelectrodes to monitor the user's pulse. The mounting portion 8201 mayinclude sensors, such as a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, or anacceleration sensor so that the user's biological information can bedisplayed on the display portion 8204. The main body 8203 may beconfigured to sense the movement of the user's head or the like to movean image displayed on the display portion 8204 in synchronization withthe movement of the user's head or the like.

The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention canbe used for an integrated circuit included in the main body 8203.

At least part of this embodiment can be implemented in combination withany of the other embodiments and the other examples described in thisspecification as appropriate.

Embodiment 16

In this embodiment, application examples of an RF tag using thesemiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 58A to 58F.

<Application Examples of RF Tag>

The RF tag is widely used and can be provided for, for example, productssuch as bills, coins, securities, bearer bonds, documents (e.g.,driver's licenses or resident's cards, see FIG. 58A), vehicles (e.g.,bicycles, see FIG. 58B), packaging containers (e.g., wrapping paper orbottles, see FIG. 58C), recording media (e.g., DVDs or video tapes, seeFIG. 58D), personal belongings (e.g., bags or glasses), foods, plants,clothing, household goods, medical supplies such as medicine andchemicals, and electronic appliances (e.g., liquid crystal displaydevices, EL display devices, television sets, or cellular phones),animals, human bodies, or tags on products (see FIG. 58E and FIG. 58F).

An RF tag 4000 of one embodiment of the present invention is fixed to aproduct by being attached to a surface thereof or embedded therein. Forexample, the RF tag 4000 is fixed to each product by being embedded inpaper of a book, or embedded in an organic resin of a package. Since theRF tag 4000 of one embodiment of the present invention can be reduced insize, thickness, and weight, it can be fixed to a product withoutspoiling the design of the product. Furthermore, bills, coins,securities, bearer bonds, documents, or the like can have anidentification function by being provided with the RF tag 4000 of oneembodiment of the present invention, and the identification function canbe utilized to prevent counterfeiting. Moreover, the efficiency of asystem such as an inspection system can be improved by providing the RFtag of one embodiment of the present invention for packaging containers,recording media, personal belongings, foods, clothing, household goods,electronic appliances, or the like. Vehicles can also have a higherlevel of security against theft or the like by being provided with theRF tag of one embodiment of the present invention.

As described above, by using the RF tag including the semiconductordevice of one embodiment of the present invention for each applicationdescribed in this embodiment, power for operation such as writing orreading of data can be reduced, which results in an increase in themaximum communication distance. Moreover, data can be held for anextremely long period even in the state where power is not supplied;thus, the RF tag can be preferably used for application in which data isnot frequently written or read.

Note that this embodiment can be combined with any of the otherembodiments and examples in this specification as appropriate.

Example 1

In this example, a sample including a capacitor of the present inventionwas fabricated, and capacitance of the capacitor was measured.

The sample was fabricated in such a manner that a 400-nm-thick firstsilicon oxide film was formed on a single crystal silicon wafer by athermal oxidation method. Next, a 50-nm-thick tungsten-silicon alloyfilm was deposited by a sputtering method over the first silicon oxidefilm. Then, a resist mask was formed over the tungsten-silicon alloyfilm by a lithography method.

Next, the tungsten-silicon alloy film was processed by a dry etchingmethod with use of the resist mask as an etching mask, so that a firstelectrode including the tungsten-silicon alloy film was formed.

Next, a surface of the first electrode including the tungsten-siliconalloy film was oxidized by plasma treatment containing an oxygen gas, sothat an oxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy film was formed on thesurface of the first electrode including the tungsten-silicon alloyfilm. The tungsten-silicon alloy film was oxidized with use of anapparatus including a high-density plasma source (high-density plasmaapparatus). For the oxidation, a mixed gas including an Ar gas (flowrate: 900 sccm) and an oxygen gas (flow rate: 40 sccm) was used, and amicrowave power of 4000 W was applied at a pressure of 666.65 Pa and atemperature of 400° C. for a treatment time of 3600 sec.

Next, a 30-nm-thick tantalum nitride film was deposited by a sputteringmethod over the oxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy film, and a170-nm-thick tungsten film was deposited successively thereover. Next, aresist mask was formed by a lithography method over the tungsten film.

Next, the tungsten film and the tantalum nitride film were processed bya dry etching method using the resist mask as an etching mask, so that asecond electrode including the tungsten film and the tantalum nitridefilm was formed.

Next, a 300-nm-thick second silicon oxide film was formed by a CVDmethod. Then, a contact hole reaching a top surface of the firstelectrode through the second silicon oxide film and the oxide film ofthe tungsten-silicon alloy film was formed by a lithography method, anda contact hole reaching a top surface of the second electrode throughthe second silicon oxide film was formed by a lithography method.

Next, a 50-nm-thick titanium film, a 200-nm-thick aluminum film, and a50-nm-thick titanium film were successively formed by a sputteringmethod.

Next, the titanium film, the aluminum film, and the titanium film wereprocessed by a lithography method, so that a leading wiring and ameasurement electrode each including the titanium film, the aluminumfilm, and the titanium film were formed. In the above manner, acapacitor was fabricated.

Next, a capacitance-voltage measurement (C-V measurement) of thefabricated capacitor was performed. The range of the measurement voltagewas from −3 V to +3V, and the measurement frequencies were 1 kHz, 10kHz, and 100 kHz. The measured capacitor had a size of 380 μm×110 μm.FIG. 59 shows a result of the C-V measurement. According to the C-Vmeasurement, the capacitance of the capacitor was measured to be1.01×10⁻¹⁰ [F].

In order to measure the thickness of the oxide film of thetungsten-silicon alloy film, a cross-section of a sample fabricatedunder the same oxidation condition as that of the above sample wasobserved with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). FIG. 60shows an STEM cross-sectional image. According to FIG. 60, the thicknessof the oxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy film was approximately14 nm.

Next, assuming that the oxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy filmwas a silicon oxide film, the capacitance value was calculated with useof the following formula: C_(ox)=(ε×ε₀)/t_(ox), where C_(ox), ε₀, ε, andt_(ox) represent a capacitance of the oxide film, a vacuum permittivity,a relative dielectric constant of the oxide film, and a thickness of theoxide film, respectively. When ε=3.8, ε₀=8.854×10⁻¹², and t_(ox)=14×10⁻⁹in the silicon oxide film, C_(ox)=2.4×10⁻³ [F/m²].

Thus, the capacitance C of the capacitor with a size of 380 μm×110 μmwas calculated to 2.4×10⁻³×380×10⁻⁶×110×10⁻⁶=1.00×10⁻¹⁰ [F], which isapproximately equal to the above C-V measurement value, 1.01×10⁻¹⁰ [F].From the result, the oxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy film wasestimated to have the relative dielectric constant substantially equalto that of the silicon oxide film.

Example 2

In this example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of anoxide film of a tungsten-silicon alloy film was conducted. As a sample,first, a 50-nm-thick silicon oxide film was formed by a thermaloxidation method over a single crystal silicon wafer. Then, a50-nm-thick tungsten-silicon alloy film was deposited by a sputteringmethod over the silicon oxide film. Next, thermal treatment wasperformed at 400° C. in an air atmosphere for an hour, so that an oxidefilm of the tungsten-silicon alloy film was formed over thetungsten-silicon alloy film. In the above manner, the sample wasfabricated. In addition, as a comparative example, a sample that has notbeen subjected to thermal treatment was fabricated.

The samples fabricated in the above manner were analyzed by XPS. FIGS.61A and 61B show depth profiles obtained by the XPS analysis results.FIG. 61A shows the depth profile of the sample that has not beensubjected to the thermal treatment. FIG. 61B shows the depth profile ofthe sample subjected to the thermal treatment. It is found that,regardless of whether the thermal treatment was performed or not, theoxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy film was formed over thetungsten-silicon alloy film, and that the silicon concentration washigher than the tungsten concentration.

For the sample subjected to the thermal treatment, montage plots wereobtained. FIG. 62A shows a montage plot of Si2p spectra, and FIG. 62Bshows a montage plot of O1s spectra. The montage plot is a graph wherethe results of each depth (region) are superposed on the binding energyand plotted. In each graph of montage plot, the horizontal axisrepresents the binding energy. The vertical axis represents thesputtering time and the depth of the sample. The bottom of the verticalaxis corresponds to the sample surface, and the depth is shown along thedirection of the vertical axis upward. As shown in each of the graphs, apeak of SiO₂ was observed in a region of the oxide film of thetungsten-silicon alloy film, which indicates that the main component ofthe oxide film of the tungsten-silicon alloy film is SiO₂. According tothe results, silicon was precipitated on the surface of thetungsten-silicon alloy film before the thermal treatment, and theprecipitated silicon was oxidized by thermal treatment, so that thesilicon oxide film was formed. Thus, it is considered that oxidation oftungsten is suppressed. From the above, the results of XPS analysissuggest that silicon oxide is a main component of the oxide film of thetungsten-silicon alloy film. Furthermore, it is found that silicon isoxidized locally.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2015-214050 filed with Japan Patent Office on Oct. 30, 2015, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A capacitor comprising: a first conductor; asecond conductor; and an insulator, wherein the first conductor and thesecond conductor overlap with each other with the insulatortherebetween, wherein the first conductor includes tungsten and silicon,and wherein the insulator includes a silicon oxide film formed byoxidizing the first conductor.
 2. A semiconductor device comprising: atransistor; and the capacitor according to claim 1, wherein thetransistor comprises a drain electrode, wherein the capacitor comprisesa first electrode and a second electrode, and wherein the firstelectrode of the capacitor is electrically connected to the drainelectrode.
 3. A module comprising: the semiconductor device according toclaim 2; and a printed circuit board.
 4. An electronic devicecomprising: the module according to claim 3; and at least one of aspeaker and an operation key.
 5. A capacitor comprising: a firstconductor; a second conductor; and an insulator in contact with thefirst conductor, wherein the first conductor and the second conductoroverlap with each other with the insulator therebetween, wherein thefirst conductor includes tungsten and silicon, and wherein the insulatoris a silicon oxide film with a thickness less than or equal to 15 nm. 6.A semiconductor device comprising: a transistor; and the capacitoraccording to claim 5, wherein the transistor comprises a drainelectrode, wherein the capacitor comprises a first electrode and asecond electrode, and wherein the first electrode of the capacitor iselectrically connected to the drain electrode.
 7. A module comprising:the semiconductor device according to claim 6; and a printed circuitboard.
 8. An electronic device comprising: the module according to claim7; and at least one of a speaker and an operation key.